Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law and History

.: REVIEW
Sağlık Etiği Perspektifinde Organ Naklî Turizmi: Geleneksel Derleme
Transplant Tourism in the Perspective of Health Ethics: Traditional Review
Harun KIRILMAZa, Sena PARLAKb
aSakarya Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi, Sağlık Yönetimi Bölümü, Sakarya, TÜRKİYE
bSakarya Üniversitesi İşletme Enstitüsü, Sağlık Yönetimi ABD, Sakarya, TÜRKİYE
Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Ethics. 2021;29(2):311-22
doi: 10.5336/mdethic.2020-80242
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
Organ nakilleri, organ yetersizliklerinde başvurulan etkili bir tedavi seçeneğidir. Günümüzde çokça kullanılan bu uygulamayı sınırlandıran en önemli etken organ bağışlarının yetersiz düzeyde olmasıdır. Hastalar, organ bağışı yetersizliği ve uzun bekleme listeleri karşısında başka bir ülkeye seyahat etmeyi ve ticari nakil ile organ naklî olmayı bir çözüm olarak görmektedir ve bu durum nakil turizmi kavramını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Uluslararası sözleşmeleri, yasaları ve hasta haklarını ihlal eden organ naklî turizmi, önemli etik ve hukuki sorunları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu çalışmada, tüm dünyada gün geçtikçe artan organ naklî turizminin ortaya çıkardığı etik sorunlar ve ikilemlerin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, canlı donörlerden nakil konusunda en çok tartışılan etik konu olan donöre bağış karşılığı para verme olgusu ile organ naklî turizminin, yasal ve etik boyutlarından bahsedilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında, nakil turizmi piyasası ve ülkelerin yasal düzenlemeleri irdelenmiş; organ naklî turizmi sağlık etiği bakış açısıyla detaylandırılarak incelenmiştir. Savunmasız bir kitleyi, maddi çıkarları gözetilse bile kullanmanın da yarattığı etik ikilemler tartışılarak bu derleme çalışması hazırlanmıştır. Organ naklî turizminde, etik faktörlerin göz ardı edilmesinin birçok yönden hem alıcı hem verici hem de sağlık sistemlerine zarar verdiği kaçınılmaz bir gerçektir ama alıcıya fayda sağlama ihtimalinden dolayı da ikilemlere sebep olan bir uygulamadır. Yaşanan etik ikilemler de göz önüne alındığında, ülkelerin organ bağışı oranlarını artırıcı ve nakil turizmine ilgiyi azaltıcı uygulamalarla harekete geçmeleri önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Organ naklî; organ naklî turizmi; sağlık etiği; etik ikilem
ABSTRACT
Organ transplants are an effective treatment option for organ failure. The most important factor limiting this practice, which is widely used today, is the insufficient level of organ donations. In the face of the lack of organ donation and long waiting lists, patients see traveling to another country and commercial transplantation as a solution, and this has created the concept of transplant tourism. Organ transplant tourism, which violates international conventions, laws and patient rights, has brought important ethical and legal problems. In this study, it is aimed to examine the ethical problems and dilemmas caused by organ transplant tourism, which is increasing day by day all over the world. In the study, the most discussed ethical issue regarding donation from living donors, giving money to donor in return for donation and the legal and ethical dimensions of organ transplant tourism are mentioned. Within the scope of the study, the transport tourism market and the legal regulations of the countries were examined; organ transplant tourism has been studied in detail from the perspective of health ethics. This review study has been prepared by discussing the ethical dilemmas created by using a vulnerable population, even if financial interests are considered. It is an inevitable fact that ignoring ethical factors in organ transplant tourism harms both the recipient, the donor and the health systems in many ways, but it is a practice that causes dilemmas due to the possibility of benefiting the recipient. Considering the ethical dilemmas experienced, it is recommended that countries take action with practices that increase organ donation rates and reduce interest in transplant tourism.

Keywords: Transplantation; transplant tourism; health ethics; ethical dilemma
REFERENCES:
  1. Hakeri H. Tıp Hukuku. 5. Baskı. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık; 2012.
  2. Dominguez-Gil B [İnternet]. [Erişim tarihi: 14.11.2020]. Newsletter transplant international figures on donation and transplantation 2019. Strasbourg: European Dictorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare of the Council of Europe (EDQM); 2020. p.1-81. Erişim linki: [Link] 
  3. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network [İnternet]. [Erişim tarihi: 10.11.2020]. Erişim linki: [Link] 
  4. Shimazono Y. The state of the international organ trade: a provisional picture based on integration of available information. Bull World Health Organ. 2007;85(12):955-62. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  5. Atre SR, Murray MB. Management and control of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB): Addressing policy needs for India. J Public Health Policy. 2016;37(3):277-99. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  6. Sever MS, Kazancioğlu R, Yildiz A, Türkmen A, Ecder T, Kayacan SM, et al. Outcome of living unrelated (commercial) renal transplantation. Kidney Int. 2001;60(4):1477-83. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  7. Levy M. State incentives to promote organ donation: Honoring the principles of reciprocity and solidarity inherent in the gift relationship. Journal of Law and the Biosciences. 2018;5(2):398-435. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  8. Öztürk H, Şaylıgil Ö. Organ ve doku nakli yasasının yarar etiği içerisindeki geçerlilik-uygunluk ve inanma faydaları açısından değerlendirilmesi [An evaluation on organ and tissue transplantation code according to commonly used concept of utalitarianism, utility of appropriateness, utility of validity and utility of belief: review]. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Ethics. 2015;23(3):103-19. [Crossref] 
  9. Gönenç Fİ. Hukuki ve etik boyutuyla medikal turizm [Medical tourism with its legal and ethical extents]. Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2016;22(3):1173-84. [Link] 
  10. Broumand B, Saidi RF. New Definition of Transplant Tourism. Int J Organ Transplant Med. 2017;8(1):49-51. [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  11. Shroff S. Legal and ethical aspects of organ donation and transplantation. Indian J Urol. 2009;25(3):348-55. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  12. The Declaration of Istanbul on Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism (2018 Edition). Transplantation. 2019;103(2):218-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  13. Budiani-Saberi DA, Delmonico FL. Organ trafficking and transplant tourism: A commentary on the global realities. American Journal of Transplantation. 2008;8(5):925-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  14. Bain C, Mari J. Organ Trafficking: The Unseen Form of Human Trafficking. Acams Today. 2018;17(3). [Link] 
  15. Cohen G. Transplant tourism: the ethics and regulation of international markets for organs. J Law Med. Ethics. 2013;41(1):269-85. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  16. Mendoza RL. Colombia's organ trade: evidence from Bogotá and Medellín. Journal of Public Health. 2010;18(4):375-84. [Crossref] 
  17. Support the Guardian [İnternet]. © 2020 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies [Erişim Tarihi: 24.11.2020]. Illegal kidney trade booms as new organ is 'sold every hour'. Erişim linki: [Link] 
  18. Bowden J. Feeling empty? Organ trafficking & trade: The black market for human organs. Intercultural Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 2013;8:451-95. [Link] 
  19. Gill J, Madhira BR, Gjertson D, Lipshutz G, Cecka JM, Pham PT, et al. Transplant tourism in the United States: a single-center experience. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3(6):1820-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  20. Delmonico FL, Dew MA. Living donor kidney transplantation in a global environment. Kidney Int. 2007;71(7):608-14. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  21. Turner L. 'Medical tourism' initiatives should exclude commercial organ transplantation. J R Soc Med. 2008;101(8):391-4. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  22. Bramstedt KA, Xu J. Checklist: passport, plane ticket, organ transplant. Am J Transplant. 2007;7(7):1698-701. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  23. Schiano TD, Rhodes R. The dilemma and reality of transplant tourism: an ethical perspective for liver transplant programs. Ethics and Liver Transplantation. 2010;16(2):113-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  24. Hindi Z, Congly S, Tang E, Skaro A, Brahmania M. Liver Transplant Tourism. Liver Transpl. 2020;26(2):276-82. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  25. Support the Guardian [İnternet]. © 2020 Guardian News & Media Limited or its affiliated companies [Erişim Tarihi: 24.11.2020]. China is harvesting organs from detainees, tribunal concludes. 17 June 2019. Erişim linki: [Link] 
  26. Matas D, Kilgour D. Hospitals. In: Down G, ed. Bloody harvest: the killing of falun gong for their organs. 1st ed. Woodstoc, ON: Seraphim Editions; 2009. p.71-9. [Link] 
  27. Elçioğlu O, Duman S. Concept of the voluntariness in kidney transplantation from the position of donors and recipients. In: Chiarelli B, ed. Global Bioethics Perspective for Human Survival. Croatia Intech Pub; 2011. p. 99-128. [Crossref] 
  28. Resmî Gazete (03.06.1979, Sayı: 16655) Organ ve Doku Alınması, Saklanması, Aşılanması ve Nakli Hakkında Kanun. [Link] 
  29. Süren,ÖK. Organ ve doku naklinin yasal ve etik açıdan incelenmesi [Legal and ethical examination of organ and tissue transplantation]. TBB Dergisi. 2007;20(73):174-95. [Link] 
  30. Özdağ N. Organ nakli ve bağışına toplumun bakışı [The view of the public towards organ transplantation and donation]. C.Ü. Hemşirelik Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi. 2001;5(2):46-55. [Link] 
  31. WHO [İnternet]. © 2020 WHO [Erişim tarihi: 22.11.2020]. Human organ transplantation. Erişim linki: [Link] 
  32. Rhodes R, Schiano T. Transplant tourism in China: a tale of two transplants. Am J Bioeth. 2010;10(2):3-11. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  33. WMA [İnternet]. © 2020 The World Medical Association [Erişim tarihi: 22.05.2020]. WMA statement on human organ donation and transplantation. Erişim linki: [Link] 
  34. Fluss SS. Commerce in human organs: the international response. World Health Forum. 1991;12(3):307-10. [PubMed] 
  35. Abbasi M. Organ and tissue transplants in comparative law. Iranian Journal of Medical Law. 2012;1(2):7-23. [Link] 
  36. Hoyer PF. Commercial living non-related organ transplantation: a viewpoint from a developed country. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006;21(10):1364-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  37. Lavee J, Ashkenazi T, Stoler A, Cohen J, Beyar R. Preliminary marked increase in the national organ donation rate in Israel following implementation of a new organ transplantation law. Am J Transplant. 2013;13(3):780-5. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  38. Huang J, Millis JM, Mao Y, Millis MA, Sang X, Zhong S. A pilot programme of organ donation after cardiac death in China. Lancet. 2012;379(9818):862-5. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  39. Bagheri A. Organ transplantation laws in asian countries: A comparative study. Transplantation Proceedings. 2005;37(10):4159-62. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  40. de Castro LD. Organ donation in the Philippines: should the dead do more? Indian J Med Ethics. 2014;11(3):143-50. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  41. Miller FG, Truog RD, Brock DW. The dead donor rule: can it withstand critical scrutiny? J Med Philos. 2010;35(3):299-312. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  42. Canales MT, Kasiske BL, Rosenberg ME. Transplant tourism: Outcomes of United States residents who undergo kidney transplantation overseas. Transplantation. 2006 ;82(12):1658-61. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  43. Alkuwari H, Fadhil R, Almaslamani Y, Alansari A, Almalki H, Khalaf H, et al. The Doha Donation Accord aligned with the Declaration of Istanbul: implementations to develop deceased organ donation and combat commercialism. Transplantation. 2014;97(1):3-4. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  44. Higgins R, West N, Fletcher S, Stein A, Lam F, Kashi H. Kidney transplantation in patients travelling from the UK to India or Pakistan. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 2003;18(4):851-2. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  45. Prasad GV, Shukla A, Huang M, D'A Honey RJ, Zaltzman JS. Outcomes of commercial renal transplantation: a Canadian experience. Transplantation. 2006;82(9):1130-5. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  46. Kennedy SE, Shen Y, Charlesworth JA, Mackie JD, Mahony JD, Kelly JJP, et al. Outcome of overseas commercial kidney transplantation: an Australian perspective. Medical Journal of Australia. 2005;182(5):224-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  47. Daar AS. Paid organ procurement: pragmatic and ethical viewpoints. Transplant Proc. 2004;36(7):1876-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  48. Cameron JS, Hoffenberg R. The ethics of organ transplantation reconsidered: paid organ donation and the use of executed prisoners as donors. Kidney Int. 1999;55(2):724-32. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  49. Algier L, Yağmurlu A, Gökçora İH. Yenidoğan cerrahisinde yaşanan etik sorunlar [Ethical problems encountered in newborn surgery]. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Ethics. 1998;6(2):89-93. [Link] 
  50. Sümen A. Florence Nightingale yemini ile uluslararası hemşirelik andı'nın karşılaştırılması ve Etik İlkeler açısından değerlendirilmesi [Comparing the Florence Nightingale Pledge with The International Nursing Pledge and evaluating them in terms of ethical principles: review]. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Ethics. 2017;25(2):43-8. [Crossref] 
  51. Erin CA, Harris J. An ethical market in human organs. J Med Ethics. 2003;29(3):137-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  52. Singhvi A, Welch AN, Levitsky J, Singhvi D, Gordon EJ. Ethical Considerations of Transplantation and Living Donation for Patients with Alcoholic Liver Diseases. AMA J Ethics. 2016;18(2):163-73. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  53. Guttman N, Siegal G, Appel N, Bar-on G. Should altruism, solidarity, or reciprocity be used as prosocial appeals? Contrasting conceptions of members of the general public and medical professionals regarding promoting organ donation. Journal of Communication. 2016;66(6):909-36. [Crossref] 
  54. Dalal AR. Philosophy of organ donation: Review of ethical facets. World J Transplant. 2015;5(2):44-51. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  55. Harbell JW, Mathur AK. Financial compensation for organ donors. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2019;24(2):182-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  56. de Castro LD. Commodification and exploitation: arguments in favour of compensated organ donation. J Med Ethics. 2003;29(3):142-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  57. Seale C, Cavers D, Dixon-Woods M. Commodification of body parts: by medicine or by media? Body&Society. 2006;12(1):25-42. [Crossref] 
  58. Sayın H. Modern kölelik olarak meta-göçmen insan ticareti üzerine kavramsal bir inceleme [Meta-migrant or modern slavery a conceptual study on human trade]. Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2018;2(2):79-102. [Crossref] 
  59. Kelly E. International organ trafficking crisis: solutions addressing the heart of the matter. Boston College Law Review. 2013;54(3):1317-49. [Link] 
  60. Wright L, Zaltzman JS, Gill J, Prasad GV. Kidney transplant tourism: cases from Canada. Med Health Care Philos. 2013;16(4):921-4. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 

.: Up To Date

Login



Contact


Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com