Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Sciences

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Investigation of the Effect of Ear Measurements on Sex Estimation in Forensic Sciences Using Machine Learning Techniques: Descriptive Research
Adli Bilimlerde Kulak Ölçümlerinin Cinsiyet Tahminine Etkisinin Makine Öğrenmesi Yöntemleri Kullanılarak İncelenmesi: Tanımlayıcı Araştırma
Serel ÖZMEN AKYOLa , Nurdan SEZGİNb
aDepartment of Computer Engineering, Kütahya University of Health Sciences Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Kütahya, Türkiye
bDepartment of Forensic Sciences, Kütahya University of Health Sciences Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Kütahya, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Foren Sci Leg Med. 2023;20(3):161-72
doi: 10.5336/forensic.2023-96327
Article Language: EN
Full Text
ABSTRACT
 Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine how ear measurements using machine learning approaches effect sex estimation. Material and Methods: Biometric features are used in forensics to detect or verify individuals. In this study, the effect of ear measurements on one of the biometric characteristics on sex estimation was investigated. Anthropometric landmarks on the faces of 345 persons were identified for this purpose, and a data set of 36 characteristics was created by measuring distances between these landmarks. Unlike many other studies in the field of image processing, measurements obtained on biometric front face, side face, and ear images, as well as a data set containing age information, were compared in the literature, as were different machine learning approaches and accuracy rates. Results: As a result of the findings, an artificial neural networkbased sex estimate approach that appears to be consistent with the data set was developed. Two different artificial neural network models with the same structural features were built and trained. The first model uses all the data set's features as input parameters, whereas the second model does not. After ear measurements were included, the model's classification accuracy increased from 82.6% to 92.2%. Conclusion: When combined with other anthropometric parameters, ear measurements, one of the biometric characteristics, have been demonstrated to improve the success rate of sex estimation.

Keywords: Sex estimation; face biometrics; machine learning algorithms; artificial neural networks; artificial intelligence
ÖZET
 Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, makine öğrenmesi yöntemleri kullanarak yapılan kulak ölçümlerinin cinsiyet tahminine ne kadar etki ettiğini incelemektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Adli alanda kişilerin tespit edilmesi ya da doğrulanması amacıyla biyometrik özelliklerden faydalanılmaktadır. Çalışmada, biyometrik ölçümlerden biri olan kulak ölçümlerinin cinsiyet tahminine etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla 345 kişiye ait görüntüden uzman tarafından belirlenen antropometrik noktalara göre noktalar arasındaki mesafe ölçümleri milimetrik olarak kaydedilerek 36 özniteliğe ait ölçümlerin yer aldığı bir veri seti oluşturulmuştur. Literatürde görüntü işleme alanında yapılan birçok çalışmadan farklı olarak biyometrik ölçümlerin yapılarak oluşturulduğu ön yüz, yan yüz ve kulak ölçümleri ile yaş bilgisinin yer aldığı veri seti farklı makine öğrenmesi yöntemleri uygulanarak doğruluk oranları karşılaştırılmıştır. Bulgular: Analizler sonucunda, veri setine uyumlu olduğu görülen yapay sinir ağları yöntemi ile cinsiyet sınıflandırması yapılmıştır. Aynı yapı özelliklerine sahip iki farklı yapay sinir ağı modeli oluşturularak eğitilmiştir. İlk modelde veri setinde yer alan tüm öznitelikler giriş parametresi olarak kullanılırken, ikinci modelde kulak ölçümlerine ait özniteliklere yer verilmemiştir. Kulak ölçümlerinin dâhil edilmesi ile modelin sınıflandırma doğruluk oranı %82,6'dan %92,2'ye yükselmiştir. Sonuç: Biyometrik özelliklerden biri olan kulak ölçümlerinin diğer antropometrik özellikler ile kullanıldığında kişinin cinsiyetinin tahmin edilmesinde başarı oranını artırdığı görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Cinsiyet tahmini; yüz biyometrisi; makine öğrenmesi algoritmaları; yapay sinir ağları; yapay zekâ
REFERENCES:
  1. Shan C. Learning local binary patterns for gender classification on real-world face images. Pattern Recognit Lett. 2012;33(4):431-7. [Crossref] 
  2. Metlek S, Kayaalp K. Derin öğrenme ve destek vektör makineleri ile görüntüden cinsiyet tahmini [Image gender prediction with deep learning and support vector machines]. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknol Derg. 2020;8:2208-28. [Crossref] 
  3. Patil V, Vineetha R, Vatsa S, Shetty DK, Raju A, Naik N, et al. Artificial neural network for gender determination using mandibular morphometric parameters: a comparative retrospective study. Cogent Eng. 2020;7(1):1-12. [Crossref] 
  4. Alunni V, Jardin Pd, Nogueira L, Buchet L, Quatrehomme G. Comparing discriminant analysis and neural network for the determination of sex using femur head measurements. Forensic Sci Int. 2015;253:81-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  5. Jain AK. Biometric recognition: how do I know who you are? Image Analysis and Processing-ICIAP. 2005:19-26. [Crossref] 
  6. Nabiyev V. Kulak biyometrisine göre kimlik tespiti. 2. Mühendislik ve Teknoloji Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı. 2009:277-87. [Link] 
  7. Eser S. Yapay Sinir Ağları ile Yüz Sezimi ve Takibi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2006. [Cited: Jan 20, 2023]. Available from: [Link] 
  8. Yenisarı E. Kulak biyometrisi kullanarak görüntü işlem tabanlı kimlik tespiti [Yüksek lisans tezi]. Denizli: Pamukkale Üniversitesi; 2015.
  9. Kaçar Ü, Kırcı M, Güneş EO, İnan T. DVM ile kulak biyometrisi sınıflandırmasında TBA, DAA ve AOVY'nın performansının karşılaştırılması. 2015 23rd Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference, SIU 2015-Proceedings IEEE. 2015:15-8. [Crossref] 
  10. Lei J, Zhou J, Abdel-Mottaleb M. Gender classification using automatically detected and aligned 3D ear range data. Proceedings-2013 International Conference on Biometrics, ICB. 2013:1-7. [Crossref]  [PMC] 
  11. Yaman D, Eyiokur Fİ, Sezgin N, Ekenel HK. Age and gender classification from ear images. IWBF 2018-Proc. 2018 6th Int. Work. Biometrics Forensics. 2018:1-7. [Crossref] 
  12. Verma R, Bhardwaj N, Singh PD, Bhavsar A, Sharma V. Estimation of sex through morphometric landmark indices in facial images with strength of evidence in logistic regression analysis. Forensic Sci Int Reports. 2021;4:100226. [Crossref] 
  13. Özçakır FC, Çamurcu AY. Birliktelik kuralı yöntemi için bir veri madenciliği yazılımı tasarımı ve uygulaması [A data mining software design and application for association rule technique]. Istanbul Commer Univ J Sci. 2007;12(2):21-37. [Link] 
  14. Şenol A, Canbay Y, Kaya M. Trends in outbreak detection in early stage by using machine learning approaches. Bilişim Teknol Derg. 2021;14(4):355-66. [Link] 
  15. Auricular Acupuncture [Internet]. [Cited: May 19, 2023]. Anthropometry of The Outer Ear. Available from: [Link] 
  16. Tıp Terimleri Sözlüğü [İnternet]. [Erişim tarihi: 19 Mayıs 2023]. Erişim linki: [Link] 
  17. Sezgin N. Dijital Ortamda İnsan Yüzlerindeki Yaşa Bağlı Değişimlerin Metrik Olarak İncelenmesi, Doktra Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Adli Tıp Enstitüsü, 2017. [Cited: Jan 18, 2023]. Available from: [Link] 
  18. Tunç A, Ülger İ. Veri madenciliği uygulamalarında özellik seçimi için finansal değerlere binning ve five number summary metotları ile normalizasyon işleminin uygulanması. XVIII. Akademik Bilişim Konferansı. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi. 2016:1-8. [Link] 
  19. Albayrak AS, Yılmaz ŞK. Veri madenciliği: karar ağacı algoritmaları ve İMKB verileri üzerine bir uygulama [Data mining: decision tree algorithms and an application on ise data]. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilim Fakültesi Derg. 2009;14(1):31-52. [Link] 
  20. Filiz Z, Yaprak B. A Study on classifying parenting styles through discriminant analysis. J Theory Pract Educ. 2009;5(2):195-209. [Link] 
  21. Bilgin M. Gerçek veri setlerinde klasik makine öğrenmesi yöntemlerinin performans analizi [Classical machine learning methods on real datasets performance analysis]. Breast. 2017;2(9):683-8. [Link] 
  22. Tantuğ AC. Metin sınıflandırma [Text classification]. Türkiye Bilişim Vakfı Bilgi Bilim ve Mühendisliği Derg. 2012;5(2):1-12. [Link] 
  23. Khehra BS, Pharwaha APS. Classification of clustered microcalcifications using MLFFBP-ANN and SVM. Egypt Informatics J. 2016;17(1):11-20. [Crossref] 
  24. Kılınç D, Borandağ E, Yücalar F, Tunali V, Şimşek M, Özçift A. KNN algoritması ve R dili ile metin madenciliği kullanılarak bilimsel makale tasnifi [Classification of scientific articles using text mining with kNN algorithm and R language]. Marmara Fen Bilim Derg. 2016;28(3):89-94. [Crossref] 
  25. Barkana BD, Saricicek I, Yildirim B. Performance analysis of descriptive statistical features in retinal vessel segmentation via fuzzy logic, ANN, SVM, and classifier fusion. Knowledge-Based Syst. 2017;118:165-76. [Crossref] 
  26. Bin Alam MS, Patwary MJA, Hassan M. Birth Mode Prediction Using Bagging Ensemble Classifier: A Case Study of Bangladesh. 2021 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for Sustainable Development, ICICT4SD. 2021:95-9. [Crossref] 
  27. Ashour AS, Guo Y, Hawas AR, Xu G. Ensemble of subspace discriminant classifiers for schistosomal liver fibrosis staging in mice microscopic images. Health Inf Sci Syst. 2018;6(1):21. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  28. Burke HB, Goodman PH, Rosen DB, Henson DE, Weinstein JN, Harrell FE Jr, et al. Artificial neural networks improve the accuracy of cancer survival prediction. Cancer. 1997;79(4):857-62. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  29. Acı Çİ, Çırak A. Türkçe haber metinlerinin konvolüsyonel sinir ağları ve Word2Vec kullanılarak sınıflandırılması [Turkish news articles categorization using convolutional neural networks and Word2Vec]. Bilişim Teknol Derg. 2019;12(3):219-28. [Crossref] 
  30. Karaca BK, Akşahin MF, Öcal R. EEG tutarlılık analizi ile multipl skleroz hastalığının belirlenmesi. Tıp Teknolojileri Kongresi. 2019:235-8. [Link] 
  31. Özmen-Akyol S. Estimating breast cancer class using artificial neural network and logistic regression methods. Eskişehir Türk Dünyası Uygul ve Araştırma Merk Bilişim Derg. 2022;3(1):26-31. [Crossref] 
  32. Çılgın C, Ünal C, Alıcı S, Akkol E, Gökşen Y. Metin sınıflandırmada yapay sinir ağları ile bitcoin fiyatları ve sosyal medyadaki beklentilerin analizi [In text classification, bitcoin prices and analysis of expectations in social media with artificial neural networks]. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Uygulamalı Bilim Derg. 2020;4(1):106-26. [Crossref] 
  33. Özyurt F, Avcı E. İmge sınıflandırması için yeni öznitelik çıkarım yöntemi: ADD-TDA Algısal özet fonksiyonu tabanlı evrişimsel sinir ağ (ADD-TDA-ESA) [A new feature extraction method for ımage classification: DWT-SVD perceptual hash -based convolutional neural network (DWT-SVD-CNN)]. Türkiye Bilişim Vakfı Bilgi Bilim ve Mühendisliği Derg. 2019;12(1):30-8. [Link] 
  34. Tokgöz GK, Tekbıyık K, Kurt GK, Yarkan S. A Comparison on Energy Detector and CNN-based Detector. 2020 28th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference, SIU. 2020. [Crossref] 

.: Up To Date

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com