Turkiye Klinikleri Sports Medicine - Special Topics

Yaslilik ve Egzersiz Ozel Sayisi
.: REVIEW
Sarkopeni ve Egzersiz
Sarcopenia and Exercise Training
Şenay AKINa, Haydar A. DEMİRELa
aEgzersiz ve Spor Fizyolojisi AD, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi, Ankara
Turkiye Klinikleri J Sports Med-Special Topics. 2017;3(2):136-42
Article Language: TR
ÖZET
Yaşlı nüfusu dünya genelinde ve ülkemizde giderek artmaktadır. Yaşlanmanın en önemli etkisi iskelet kas dokusunda ortaya çıkan kütle ve fonksiyon kaybıdır. Bu kayıplar 30 yaşlarından itibaren görülmeye başlarken yaşın ilerlemesi ile daha da artar ve özellikle 70'li yılların sonlarına doğru ciddi boyutlara ulaşır. Yaşlıda yağsız kas kütlesi azalması sadece gündelik yaşamı etkilemeyip birçok kronik hastalıkların ortaya çıkmasına neden olan ve erken olum riskini de başlı başına arttıran bir olgudur. Diğer yandan ilerleyen yaşla birlikte artan hastalıklar ve fiziksel hareketsizliğin iskelet kas kütlesi kaybına yol açması sarkopeni tanısının konulmasını zorlaştırmaktadır. Yaşlıda azalan protein sentez hızı veya artmış protein yıkımının kas kütlesinde bir azalmaya neden olması beklenirken çalışmalar yaşlıda bazal protein dengesinde ciddi bir değişim olmadığı yönündedir. Bununla birlikte meydana gelecek küçük değişimlerin bile süreç içerisinde sarkopeniyi oluşturması beklenir. Yaşlıda protein sentezinde rol oynayan sinyal moleküllerinin miktarında ve aktivasyonunda bir azalma olurken protein yıkımında rol oynayan sinyal moleküller daha fonksiyonel hale gelir. İlerleyen yaşla beraber özellikle tip II myozin ağır zincir molekülünde azalma ve buna bağlı olarak da secici bir tipII lifleri kaybı söz konusudur. İskelet kası plastik bir özellik göstermekte olup karşılaştığı dirençlere kütle ve kuvvetini artırarak yanıt verir. Sarkopeninin önlenmesi veya azaltılmasında düzenli egzersizlerin rolü büyüktür. İskelet kas kütle ve kuvvetinin geliştirilmesinde kuvvet egzersizleri ve antrenmanlarının ayrı bir yeri vardır. Her ne kadar ileri yaşlarda iskelet kasının gelişimi için gerekli anabolik sinyal yanıtı azalmış olsa da, her yaştaki birey kuvvet egzersizlerinden yarar sağlar. İleri yaşlarda sarkopeninin oluşumunu engellemek için genç yaşlardan itibaren düzenli egzersiz yapmak ve çalışmalarda büyük kas gruplarını içeren kuvvet antrenmanlarına yer vermek gerekir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Atrofi; kas lifleri, iskeletsel; direnç eğitimi; yaşlanma; sarkopeni; egzersiz
ABSTRACT
Elderly population is getting expanding both in Turkey and in the World. Advancing age is associated with a progressive loss of both skeletal muscle mass and function. Muscle loss generally starts at age of 30 and gradually increases with an increasing age and speed up about the age of late 70s. Decrease in lean body mass not only affects daily living but also increases the likelihood of having a chronic disease and premature deaths. Since aging is commonly associated with the incidence of age-related disease and decrease in physical activity which cause skeletal muscle loss, diagnosis of sarcopenia is not always easy. Although decreased rate of muscle protein synthesis and an increased rate of whole-body muscle protein breakdown would result in muscle loss, basal skeletal muscle net protein balance seems to be not compromised with ageing. However, even small changes in muscle protein turnover rate in the elderly could explain age related muscle loss. The amount and activation of signal molecules which play a role in signaling pathways of protein synthesis and breakdown affected by aging. Especially type II muscle fiber atrophy and fast myosin heavy chain loss is evident during aging. Skeletal muscle shows high levels of plasticity to adapt to stimuli such as resistance training by increasing muscle fiber size and strength. Although anabolic response is compromised at advancing age, resistance exercises training including large muscle groups are especially important to attenuate age related muscle loss.

Keywords: Atrophy; muscle fibers, skeletal; resistance training; aging; sarcopenia; exercise

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