Turkiye Klinikleri Pediatric Sciences - Special Topics

Pediatrik Nöroloji Özel Sayısı
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Şuuru Kapalı Hastaya Yaklaşım ve Kafa İçi Basınç Artışı Sendromu (KİBAS)
Approach to a Patient with Disturbances in Consciousness and Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
Şakir ALTUNBAŞAKa
aÇocuk Nörolojisi BD, Çukurova Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi ADANA
Turkiye Klinikleri J Pediatr Sci. 2008;4(4):55-66
Article Language: TR
ÖZET
Nörolojik sorunu olan pediatrik bir hastanın nörolojik muayenesinde bilinç durumunun değerlendirilmesi tanı, tedavi ve prognoz açısından son derece önemlidir. Bilinçli olma durumunun iki önemli parçası vardır: 1) Uyanıklık, 2) Kişinin kendisi ve çevresinin farkında olması. Bilinç bozukluğu başlıca iki ana alt grupta düşünülebilir: 1) Aktive mental durumla birlikte olan bilinç bozukluğu, buna deliryum denir, 2) Deprese mental durumla birlikte olan bilinç bozukluğu. Deprese mental durumla birlikte olan bilinç değişikliği akut dönemde letarji, obtundasyon, stupor ve koma ile isimlendirilen dereceleri vardır. Uzun dönemde ise tutulan lokalizasyona ve bilinç değişikliğinin derecesine göre minimal bilinçli olma hali, vejetatif durum, Locked-In sendrom= Deefferentasyon sendromu, akinetik mutizm ve beyin ölümü ile isimlendiren klinik tablolar oluşur. Bilinç değişikliği etyolojisinde metabolik, enfeksiyöz, travmatik, vasküler, strüktürel, inflamatuvar, paroksismal, neoplastik nedenler veya intoksikasyon vardır. Çocuklarda enfeksiyöz nedenler %38 ile ilk sırada yer alır. Bilinç değişikliği olan hastaya yaklaşımda pupil değişiklikleri, beyin sapı refleksleri, göz hareket bozukluklaru, postür değişiklikleri, tonus ve derin tendon refleksi değişiklikleri lezyonun lokalizasyonu ve lateralizasyonu için mutlaka değerlendirilmelidir. Bilinç düzeyinin klinik takibi ve prognoz hakkında bilgi edinebilmek için hastanın Glaskow koma skalası ile günlük değerlendirmesi yapılır. Beyin dokusundaki herniasyon ve kafa içi basınç artması bilinç değişikliğine sık eşlik eder. Unkal, santral transtentoryal, foraminal ve singulat herniasyon bilinen herniasyon tipleridir. Her birinin ve kendi içlerinde evrelerinin kliniği farklıdır. Bunları bilmek hastaya yaklaşım için gereklidir. Bilinci kapalı hastaya tedavi yaklaşımında; yeterli oksijenizasyonun temini, dolaşımın idamesi, glukoz temini, nöbetler için antikonvülzan tedavi, asit-baz ve elektrolit dengesinin düzeltilmesi, ateş yükselmesi ile mücadele etmek, ajitasyonla mücadele, spesifik antidot uygulaması ve kafa içi basınç artışı (KİBA) ile mücadele vardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Bilinç bozukluğu, kafa içi basınç artışı, tedavi
ABSTRACT
For diagnosis, therapy and prognosis, evaluating consciousness level of a patient with changed consciousness on neurological examination is quite important. The state of consciousness has two significant componenet: 1) wakefulness, 2) awareness of his/herself and environment. Disturbances of consciousness can be thought at two subgroup: 1) The one with activated mental state, called delirium, 2) with depressed mental state. The change in consciousness with depressed mental state at acute period include lethargy, obtundation, stupor and coma. At long-term, based on localization of lesion and degree of the change in consciousness, clinical states such as minimal consciousness state, vegetative state, locked-in syndrome, acinetic mutism and brain death occur. The etiology of the distubances in consciousness include metabolic, infectious, travmatic, vascular, structural, inflamatory, paroxysmal and neoplastic causes. The infectious etiology is the most common one with 38% in children. During approach to a patient with change in consciousness; pupil changes, brain stem reflexes, eye movement disorders, changes in posture, tonus and deep tendon reflexes must be evaluated to determine localization and lateralization of the lesion. Elucidating prognosis and to follw-up of consciousness level clinically, patient is evaluated daily with Glaskow coma scale. Distubances of consciousness is often associated with herniation of brain tissue and inreased intracranial pressure. Herniation in brain tissue involve uncal herniation, central transtentorial herniation, foraminal herniation and cingulate herniation. Each and their stages have different clinical findings from the other's. At therapeutic approach to the patient with disturbed consciousness; providing sufficient oxygen and glucose, maintanance of circulation, anticonvulsive therapy for seizures, improving acid-base and electrolyte balances, making an effort to decrease fever and agitation, giving a spesific antidote and treating of increased intracranial pressure must be carried out.

Keywords: Disturbances in consciousness, increased intracranial pressure, therapy

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