Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences

.: REVIEW
A Narrative Review of the Evaluation of Biomarkers in COVID-19 Patients Indicating the Course of the Disease
COVID-19 Hastalarında Hastalığın Seyrini Gösteren Biyobelirteçlerin Değerlendirilmesine İlişkin Anlatısal Bir İnceleme
Sena ÖZCAN YILDIRIMa , Gülbu AYDINOĞLU IŞITMANGİLb
aUniversity of Health Sciences Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Immunology, İstanbul, Türkiye
bUniversity of Health Sciences Hamidiye Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, İstanbul, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci. 2024;44(1):43-52
doi: 10.5336/medsci.2023-97930
Article Language: EN
Full Text
ABSTRACT
 The global spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus has led to a widespread outbreak of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), resulting in a pandemic. Following the end of the pandemic, COVID-19 has transitioned into an endemic phase characterized by anticipated periodic surges. Therefore, the development of readily available prognostic biomarkers for COVID-19 patients continues to be a crucial field of study. Monitoring of blood biomarkers for patients with COVID-19 is a crucial component of patient care. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct hematological assessments such as leukocyte count, lymphocyte count, neutrophil count, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio, and thrombocyte count. Additionally, inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and procalcitonin should be measured. Immunological indicators including interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α should also be evaluated. Furthermore, biochemical tests such as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, urea, creatinine, and troponin levels should be assessed. Lastly, coagulation parameters such as D-dimer, fibrin degradation products, and fibrin levels should also be examined. The objective of this narrative review is to assess blood biomarkers that have the potential to be valuable in monitoring the progression and management of COVID-19. Studies published between 2020 and 2023 and scanned in PubMed, Ebsco and Google Scholar were used in the analysis. Keywords such as ''COVID19'', ''SARS-CoV2'', ''biomarkers'' and ''severe SARS-CoV-2 infection'' were used to restrict the search.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; biomarkers
ÖZET
 Şiddetli akut solunum sendromu-koronavirüs-2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)] virüsünün küresel yayılımı, yaygın bir koronavirüs hastalığı-2019 [coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)] salgınına yol açarak bir pandemiye yol açmıştır. Pandeminin sona ermesinin ardından, COVID-19, beklenen periyodik artışlarla karakterize edilen endemik bir aşamaya geçmiştir. Bu nedenle, COVID-19 hastaları için kolaylıkla bulunabilen prognostik biyobelirteçlerin geliştirilmesi önemli bir çalışma alanı olmaya devam etmektedir. COVID-19 hastalarına yönelik kan biyobelirteçlerinin izlenmesi hasta bakımının çok önemli bir parçasıdır. Bu nedenle lökosit sayısı, lenfosit sayısı, nötrofil sayısı, nötrofil-lenfosit oranı, trombosit sayısı gibi hematolojik değerlendirmeler; C-reaktif protein, eritrosit sedimantasyon hızı ve prokalsitonin gibi inflamatuar belirteçler; interlökin-6 ve tümör nekroz faktörü-α gibi immünolojik göstergeler değerlendirilmelidir. Ayrıca aspartat aminotransferaz, alanin aminotransferaz, üre, kreatinin ve troponin düzeyleri gibi biyokimyasal testler; D-dimer, fibrin bozunma ürünleri, fibrin düzeyleri gibi pıhtılaşma parametreleri incelenmelidir. Bu geleneksel derlemenin amacı, COVID-19 hastalığının ve tedavisinin monitörizasyonu için faydalanabilecek kan biyobelirteçlerini değerlendirmektir. Analizde 2020 ile 2023 yılları arasında yayımlanan ve PubMed, Ebsco ve Google Scholar'da taranan çalışmalar kullanılmıştır. Aramayı kısıtlayabilmek için ''COVID-19'', ''SARS-CoV2'', ''biyobelirteçler'' ve ''şiddetli SARS-CoV2 enfeksiyonu'' gibi anahtar kelimeler kullanılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; biyobelirteçler
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"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com