Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law and History

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An Anatomist Şemseddîn-i Itâki in the Seventeenth Century and His Illustrated Handwritten Anatomy Book: Traditional Review
Onyedinci Yüzyılda Bir Anatomist Şemseddîn-i İtâki ve Resimli El Yazması Anatomi Kitabı: Geleneksel Derleme
Ilgaz AKDOĞANa , Ali Çağlar TURGUTb,c, Yaşar Barış TURGUTd , Hayriye Dilek AKDOĞANe
aAydın Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Aydın, Türkiye
bAydın Adnan Menderes University Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Histology and Embryology, Aydın, Türkiye
cEge University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, İzmir, Türkiye
dAydın State Hospital Clinic of Internal Medicine, Aydın, Türkiye
eBakırçay University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Education İzmir, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Ethics. 2025;33(2):93-102
doi: 10.5336/mdethic.2024-105021
Article Language: EN
Full Text
ABSTRACT
 The 17th century was a century of important developments in science and anatomy in Europe. Şemseddîn-i İtâki (1570-1640 A.D.) is an important scientist, anatomist and physician who lived in this century. He was born in Shirvan and later came to İstanbul, Ottoman Empire, where he wrote the anatomy textbook ''Teşrîh-i Ebdân ve Tercümân-ı Kıbâle-i Feylesûfân'', meaning ''Anatomy of the Body and Birth Information for Scholars''. The purpose of this review is to introduce Şemseddîn-i İtâki and his book. ''Teşrîh-i Ebdân ve Tercümân-ı Kıbâle-i Feylesûfân'' was the first illustrated and handwritten Turkish anatomy book. The Turkish anatomy terms contained in the work make it interesting in terms of the terminology of anatomy. While some of the figures in the book resemble Ahmed Ibn Mansur's Teşrih-i Ebdan, it is observed that some of them resemble the figures of Andreas Vesalius. It can be stated that he benefited from many scientists in his work, including Aristotle, Galen, Avicenna and Juan Valverde de Amusco. The book also includes some schemas drawn by the author himself. In his work, İtâki pointed out the functional importance of the structures by using the expressions ''If it hadn't happened (without)'' or ''If it had happened''. This approach is a precursor to functional anatomy. Almost all of the Eastern and Western literature on anatomy has been read and reviewed and anatomy knowledge has been updated for those dates. We think that Şemseddîn-i İtâki is a scientist who should be known today for his pioneering, knowledge-following and researching characteristics.

Keywords: Şemseddîn-i İtâki; Teşrîh-i Ebdân ve Tercümân-ı Kıbâle-i Feylesûfân
ÖZET
 On yedinci yüzyıl, Avrupa'da bilim ve anatomide önemli gelişmelerin yaşandığı bir yüzyıldır. Şemseddîn-i İtâki (M.S. 1570-1640), bu yüzyılda yaşamış önemli bir bilim insanı, anatomist ve hekimdir. İtâki Şirvan'da doğmuştur ve daha sonra Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda İstanbul'a gelmiştir ve burada ''Âlimler için vücudun anatomisi ve doğum bilgileri'' anlamına gelen ''Teşrîh-i Ebdân ve Tercümân-ı Kıbâle-i Feylesûfân'' anatomi ders kitabını yazmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Şemseddîn-i İtâki'yi ve kitabını tanıtmaktır. ''Teşrîh-i Ebdân ve Tercümân-ı Kıbâle-i Feylesûfân'' ilk resimli ve el yazması Türk anatomi kitabıdır. Eserde yer alan Türkçe anatomi terimleri, eseri anatomi terminolojisi açısından ilgi çekici kılmaktadır. Şemseddîn-i İtâki, kitabında İbnü'n Nefîs'in yazdıklarını okuduğunu belirtse de kitabı incelendiğinde genel olarak İbni Sînâ'dan etkilendiği düşünülmektedir. Kitaptaki şekillerin bir kısmı Ahmed ibn Mansur'un Teşrih-i Ebdan'ını andırırken bir kısmının da Andreas Vesalius'un şekillerine benzediği gözlenmektedir. Eserinde Aristoteles, Galen, İbni Sînâ ve Juan Valverde de Amusco'nun da aralarında bulunduğu pek çok bilim insanından yararlandığı belirtilebilir. Eserde ayrıca yazarın bizzat çizdiği bazı şemalar da yer almaktadır. İtâki çalışmasında oluşumlar için ''O olmasaydı (olmaksızın)'' ya da ''Olsaydı'' ifadelerini kullanarak yapıların fonksiyonel önemine dikkat çekmiştir. Bu yaklaşım fonksiyonel anatominin öncüsüdür. Anatomi ile ilgili Doğu ve Batı literatürünün neredeyse tamamını okumuş, araştırmış ve o tarihler için anatomi bilgilerini güncellemiştir. Şemseddîn-i İtâki'nin bugün öncü, bilgiyi takip eden ve araştırmacı özellikleriyle tanınması gereken bir bilim insanı olduğunu düşünüyoruz.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Şemseddîn-i İtâki; Teşrîh-i Ebdân ve Tercümân-ı Kıbâle-i Feylesûfân
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