Journal of Traditional Medical Complementary Therapies

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Anne Sütünün ve Erken Beslenme Alışkanlıklarının Erken Çocukluk Çağı Çürükleri Üzerindeki Etkisi
Effects of Breastfeeding and Early Feeding Habits on Early Childhood Caries
Tuğba YİĞİTa, Çiğdem KÜÇÜKEŞMENb
aUşak Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, Çocuk Diş Hekimliği ABD, Uşak, TÜRKİYE
bSüleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, Çocuk Diş Hekimliği ABD, Isparta, TÜRKİYE
J Tradit Complem Med. 2020;3(1):77-83
doi: 10.5336/jtracom.2019-72192
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Amaç: Anne sütünün ve erken beslenme alışkanlıklarının erken çocukluk çağı çürükleri üzerindeki etkisinin değerlendirilmesi, ailelerin gerekli düzeyde bilgilendirilmesi ve çocuklarda erken dönem beslenme alışkanlıklarının önemine dikkat çekilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmamız, 3-5 yaşları arasındaki 530 gönüllü ve rastgele seçilmiş hastaların ebeveynlerine anket formlarının doldurulması ve diş hekimi tarafından hastaların ağız içi muayenelerinin yapılması ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Klinik muayenede, ünit ışığı altında steril ayna ve sond yardımı ile çürük, eksik ve dolgulu diş yüzeyi [decay, missing, filled surfaces (DMFS)] indeks değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Bu değerler ile anket sonucunda elde edilen erken dönem beslenme alışkanlıkları arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Tüm istatistikler, SPSS yazılım programı ile incelenmiş, elde edilen veriler ANOVA, Tukey ve t-testi kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Ortalama DMFS değerleri 19,85 olarak bulunmuştur. Gece anne sütü ile beslenen çocukların DMFS değerleri, anne sütü ile beslenmeyen çoçuklara göre anlamlı derecede düşüktür (p<0,001). Anne sütü almayan çocukların DMFS değerleri en yüksek, 12 aya kadar anne sütü alan çocukların DMFS değerleri en düşük olarak gözlenmiştir. Çalışmada, emzikleri şeker içerikli besinlere batırılarak verilen çocukların DMFS değerlerinin yüksek olduğu ve öğün aralarında şekerli yiyecek tüketimi arttıkça DMFS değerlerinin arttığı görülmüştür. Sonuç: Erken çocukluk çağı çürüğü, süt dişlerinin kısa süre içinde geniş kapsamlı yıkımına neden olmakta, etiyoloji ve önlenmesinde çoğu çalışma beslenme üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Bu nedenle, erken çocukluk çağı çürüğünün önlenmesinde, beslenme alışkanlıklarının erken yaşlarda düzenlenmesi önemlidir. On iki aya kadar anne sütü alımı çürük oluşumunu önemli ölçüde azaltmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Anne sütü; beslenme alışkanlıkları; erken çocukluk çağı çürüğü
ABSTRACT
 Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of breast milk and early feeding habits on early childhood caries, to inform families and to draw attention to the importance of early feding habits in children. Material and Methods: Our study was carried out by filling in questionnaires by the parents of 530 volunteers and randomly selected patients between the ages of 3-5 years old. Oral examination of the patients were performed by the dentist. The relationship between these values and early feeding habits was evaluated. All data was analyzed with SPSS software and the data was evaluated using ANOVA, Tukey and t-test. Results: The mean decayed, missing, filled surface (DMFS) values in children with early childhood were found to be 19.85. The relationship between DMFS values and breastfeeding at night was statistically significant (p<0.001). The highest DMFS values of the children who do not take breast milk, the DMFS values of the children who were breastfed up to 12 months were the lowest. The DMFS values of children given by dipping the teats into the foods containing sugar were high and the DMFS values increased as the consumption of sugary foods between meals increased. Conclusion: Recently, focus on nutrition in its etiology and prevention. Therefore, it is important to regulate nutritional habits at an early age in the prevention of early childhood caries. Use of breast milk for up to 12 months significantly reduces caries.

Keywords: Breastfeeding; feeding habits; early childhood caries
REFERENCES:
  1. Ismail AI. Determinants of health in children and the problem of early childhood caries. Pediatr Dent. 2003;25(4):328-33.
  2. Ivančević V, Tu?ek I, Tu?ek J, Knežević M, Elheshk S, Luković I. Using association rule mining to identify risk factors for early childhood caries. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2015;122(2):175-81. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  3. Kopycka-Kedzierawski DT, Billings RJ. Comparative effectiveness study to assess two examination modalities used to detect dental caries in preschool urban children. Telemed J E Health. 2013;19(11):834-40. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  4. Grund K, Goddon I, Schüler IM, Lehmann T, Heinrich-Weltzien R. Clinical consequences of untreated dental caries in German 5-and 8-year-olds. BMC Oral Health. 2015;15(1):140. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  5. Santos RG, Quinonez R. Child temperament is as strongly associated with early childhood caries (ECC) as poor feeding practices: positive temperament appears protective, negative temperament may increase ECC risk. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2014;14(2):85-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  6. Hashim R, Williams S, Thomson W. Severe early childhood caries and behavioural risk indicators among young children in Ajman, United Arab Emirates. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2011;12(4):205-10. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  7. Ferreira SH, Béria JU, Kramer PF, Feldens EG, Feldens CA. Dental caries in 0‐to 5‐year‐old Brazilian children: prevalence, severity, and associated factors. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2007;17(4):289-96. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  8. Pattanaporn K, Saraithong P, Khongkhunthian S, Aleksejuniene J, Laohapensang P, Chhun N, et al. Mode of delivery, mutans streptococci colonization, and early childhood caries in three‐to five‐year‐old Thai children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2013;41(3):212-23. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  9. Boka V, Trikaliotis A, Kotsanos N, Karagiannis V. Dental caries and oral health-related factors in a sample of Greek preschool children. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2013;14(6):363-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  10. Gökalp S, Doğan B, Tekçiçek M, Berberoğlu A, Ünlüer Ş. [The oral health profile of 5, 12 and 15 years olds, Tureky-2004]. Hacettepe Üniv Diş Hek Fak Derg. 2007;31(4):3-10.
  11. Majorana A, Cagetti MG, Bardellini E, Amadori F, Conti G, Strohmenger L, et al. Feeding and smoking habits as cumulative risk factors for early childhood caries in toddlers, after adjustment for several behavioral determinants: a retrospective study. BMC Pediatr. 2014;14(1):1-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  12. Zafar S, Harnekar SY, Siddiqi A. Early childhood caries: etiology, clinical considerations, consequences and management. Int Dent SA. 2009;11(4):24-36.
  13. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Policy on dietary recommendations for infants, children, and adolescents. Reference Manual. 2014;36(6):56-8.
  14. Brodeur JM, Galarneau C. The high incidence of early childhood caries in kindergarten-age children. JODQ. 2006;Suppl:3-5.
  15. Early Childhood Caries: IAPD Bangkok Declaration. Pediatr Dent. 2019;41(3):176-8.
  16. Feldens CA, Giugliani ERJ, Vigo Á, Vítolo MR. Early feeding practices and severe early childhood caries in four-year-old children from southern Brazil: a birth cohort study. Caries Res. 2010;44(5):445-52. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  17. Nakayama Y, Mori M. Association between nocturnal breastfeeding and snacking habits and the risk of early childhood caries in 18-to 23-month-old Japanese children. J Epidemiol. 2015;25(2):142-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  18. Kato T, Yorifuji T, Yamakawa M, Inoue S, Saito K, Doi H, et al. Association of breast feeding with early childhood dental caries: Japanese population-based study. BMJ Open. 2015;5(3):e006982. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  19. Chaffee BW, Feldens CA, Vítolo MR. Association of long-duration breastfeeding and dental caries estimated with marginal structural models. Ann Epidemiol. 2014;24(6):448-54. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  20. van Palenstein Helderman W, Soe W, Van't Hof M. Risk factors of early childhood caries in a Southeast Asian population. J Dent Res. 2006;85(1):85-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  21. Hallett K, O'Rourke PK. Social and behavioural determinants of early childhood caries. Aust Dent J. 2003;48(1):27-33. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  22. Tanaka K, Miyake Y. Association between breastfeeding and dental caries in Japanese children. J Epidemiol. 2012;22(1):72-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  23. Qadri G, Nourallah A, Splieth CH. Early childhood caries and feeding practices in kindergarten children. Quintessence Int. 2012;43(6):503-10.
  24. Bowen WH, Lawrence RA. Comparison of the cariogenicity of cola, honey, cow milk, human milk, and sucrose. Pediatrics. 2005;116(4):921-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  25. Prakasha Shrutha S, Vinit GBG, Giri KY, Alam S. Feeding practices and early childhood caries: a cross-sectional study of preschool children in Kanpur district, India. ISRN Dent. 2013;2013(1):1-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  26. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Policy on early childhood caries (ECC): classifications, consequences, and preventive strategies. Reference Manual. 2014;36(6):50-2.
  27. Gomes MC, Clementino MA, de Almeida Pinto-Sarmento TC, Martins CC, Granville-Garcia AF, Paiva SM. Association between parental guilt and oral health problems in preschool children: a hierarchical approach. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):1-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  28. Sankeshwari RM, Ankola AV, Tangade PS, Hebbal MI. Association of socio-economic status and dietary habits with early childhood caries among 3-to 5-year-old children of Belgaum city. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2013;14(3):147-53. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  29. Jain M, Namdev R, Bodh M, Dutta S, Singhal P, Kumar A. Social and behavioral determinants for Early Childhood Caries among preschool children in India. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2015;9(2):115-20. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  30. Davenport ES, Litenas C, Barbayiannis P, Williams CES. The effects of diet, breast-feeding and weaning on caries risk for pre-term and low birth weight children. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2004;14(4):251-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  31. Turton B, Durward C, Manton D, Bach K, Yos C. Socio-behavioural risk factors for early childhood caries (ECC) in Cambodian preschool children: a pilot study. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2016;17(2):97-105. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 

.: Up To Date

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com