Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences

.: REVIEW
Ayna Nöronların Fiziksel, Sosyal ve Bilişsel Fonksiyonlar Üzerindeki Rolü: Geleneksel Derleme
Roles of Mirror Neurons on Physical, Social, and Cognitive Functions: Narrative Review
Faruk TANIKa, Büşra AKTAŞa, Merve KESKİNb, Derya ÖZER KAYAb
aİzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Fizyoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon ABD, İzmir, Türkiye
bİzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Fizyoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Bölümü, İzmir, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Health Sci. 2022;7(4):1248-59
doi: 10.5336/healthsci.2022-89184
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Bu derlemenin amacı; ayna nöronların keşfini, nörofizyolojisini irdelemek, ayna nöronların fiziksel, sosyal ve bilişsel fonksiyonlar üzerindeki rollerini inceleyerek; özellikle motor kontrol, taklit etme, empati, öğrenme, karar verme ve yargılama süreçleri üzerindeki etkilerini ortaya koymaktır. Ayna nöronlar maymunlarda keşfedildiği zamandan beri üzerinde çok sayıda araştırma yapılmış bir nöron grubudur. Bu keşiften sonra bilim insanları, ayna nöronların insanlardaki varlığı ve çalışma mekanizmasıyla ilgili yoğun bir çalışma içerisine girmişlerdir. Ayna nöronlar, gözlemlenen ve yürütülen eylemleri eşleştirme, hem 'kendi eylemlerini' hem de 'başkalarının eylemlerini' kodlama kapasitesine sahip nöronlardır. Karşıdaki kişinin hareketlerini bir ayna gibi yansıtarak aktifleşmektedir. İnsan beyninde ventral premotor korteks ve alt parietal lobül, dorsal premotor korteks, superior parietal lobül, serebellum, suplementer motor alan ve mediyal temporal lob gibi alanlarda ayna nöronlarının varlığıyla ilgili kanıtlar bulunmuştur. İnsanlarda ayna nöron mekanizmasının yolu otomatik taklittir. Otomatik taklit, bir eylemin gözleminin benzer bir eylemin performansını istemeden kolaylaştırdığında veya farklı bir eylemin performansına müdahale ettiğinde meydana gelmektedir. İnsanlar el, kol, ayak ve ağız hareketlerini gözlemlediklerinde güçlü bir otomatik taklit gerçekleştirirler. Duyusal ve motor alanlarda aktive olan ayna nöron mekanizmaları, beceri kazanma ve sosyal etkileşimler üzerinde etkili olarak öğrenme ve karar verme süreçlerinde rol oynamaktadır. Ayna nöronlar, el-görsel motor, ağız-görsel motor ve işitsel-vokal ayna nöronlar olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Derlememizde, ayna nöronların fiziksel fonksiyondaki rolü, motor hareketi anlama ve motor öğrenme, sosyal ve bilişsel fonksiyondaki rolü taklit etme, öğrenme, empati kurma, yargılama ve karar verme, hastalık ve rehabilitasyondaki rolleri de ayna nöronlar ve nörodejeneratif hastalıklar ile rehabilitasyonları kapsamında incelenmiştir. Ayna nöronların bu rollerinin iyi anlaşılması, bu süreçlerin iyileştirilmesi ve rehabilitasyonu için katkı sağlayabilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Mirror nöronları; öğrenme; karar verme; empati
ABSTRACT
 This review aimed to examine the discovery and neurophysiology of mirror neurons, to examine the roles of mirror neurons on physical, social, and cognitive functions, and to reveal their effects on motor control, imitation, empathy, learning, decision-making, and judgment processes. Mirror neurons are a group of neurons that have been extensively studied since they were discovered in monkeys. After this discovery, scientists began an intense study of the existence and working mechanism of mirror neurons in humans. Mirror neurons are neurons that can match observed and executed actions, encoding both 'their actions' and 'actions of others'. It is activated by reflecting the movements of the other person like a mirror. Evidence for the presence of mirror neurons has been found in the human brain in areas such as the ventral premotor cortex and lower parietal lobule, dorsal premotor cortex, superior parietal lobule, cerebellum, supplementary motor area, and mediyal temporal lobe. The pathway of the mirror neuron mechanism in humans is automatic mimicry. Automatic imitation occurs when the observation of one action unintentionally facilitates the performance of similar action or interferes with the performance of different activities. When people observe hand, arm, foot, and mouth movements, they perform a powerful automatic imitation. Mirror neuron mechanisms, which are activated in sensory and motor areas, play a role in learning and decision-making processes by being effective in skill acquisition and social interactions. Mirror neurons are classified as hand-visual motor, oral-visual motor, and auditory-vocal mirror neurons. In our review, the role of mirror neurons in physical function, understanding motor movement, and motor learning, imitating the role in social and cognitive function, learning, empathy, judgment, and decision making, and their roles in illness and rehabilitation have been examined within the scope of mirror neurons and neurodegenerative diseases and their rehabilitation. A good understanding of these roles of mirror neurons will contribute to the improvement and rehabilitation of these processes.

Keywords: Mirror neurons; learning; decision making; empathy
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4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com