European Urology

.: REVIEW
Böbrek Taşı Hastalığının İkincil Yollarla Önlenmesi İçin Diyet, Sıvı Alımı veya İlave Maddeler: Randomize Çalışmaların Meta-Analizi ve Sistematik Bir Derleme
Böbrek Taşı Hastalığının İkincil Yollarla Önlenmesi İçin Diyet, Sıvı Alımı veya İlave Maddeler: Randomize Çalışmaların Meta-Analizi ve Sistematik Bir Derleme
Howard A. Finka,b, c, d, *, Joseph W. Akornore,f, Pranav S. Garimellad, Rod MacDonaldb,c, Andrea Cuttingb, Indulis R. Rutksb,c, Manoj Mongae, Timothy J. Wiltb,c
aGeriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA bCenter for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA cCochrane Review Group in Prostate Diseases and Urologic Malignancies, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA dDivision of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA eDepartment of Urologic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA fWichita Urology Group, Wichita, KS, USA
Article Language: TR
ÖZET
Bağlam: Çok sayıda çalışmanın, böbrek taşı hastalığının ikincil yollarla önlenmesi için uygulanan diyet, sıvı alımı veya ilave madde girişimlerinin etkinliğini değerlendirmesine rağmen, bunların çok azı önceki sistematik derlemelerde yer almış ya da güncel böbrek taşı tedavi kılavuzlarında referans olarak gösterilmiştir. Amaç: Böbrek taşı hastalığının ikincil yollarla önlenmesi için diyet, sıvı alımı veya ilave girişimlerin etkinliğini ve emniyetini belirlemek. Kanıt elde edilmesi: Ocak 1950'den Mart 2008'e kadar yayınlanmış çalışmaların meta-analizi ve sistematik bir derlemesi. Medline ve elde edilen makalelerin bibliyografileri kaynak olarak kullanıldı. Uygun bulunan çalışmalar; böbrek taşı hastalığı öyküsü olan yetişkinleri kapsamış; kontrol grubuyla diyet, sıvı alımı veya ilave maddeleri karşılaştırmış; randomize gruplar arasında ilgili sonuçları (taş nüksü gibi) karşılaştırmış; 3 aydan daha uzun takip süresi olan ve İngilizce yayınlanmış çalışmalardı. Katılımcıların karakteristik özellikleri ve çalışmanın metodolojik kalitesini de kapsayan çalışma özellikleri hakkındaki veriler not edildi. Kanıt sentezi: Sekiz çalışma uygun nitelikteydi (katılımcı sayısı= 1855). Çalışma kalitesi karışıktı. İki çalışmada, 2 lt/gün'den fazla olan su alımı veya idrar miktarını 2.5 lt/gün'ün üzerine çıkaracak olan sıvı alımı taş nüksünü azalttı (görece risk: 0.39; %95 güven aralığı: 0.19-0.80). Bir çalışmada, yüksek miktarda meşrubat tüketen az sayıdaki hastanın meşrubat alımının azaltıldığı gruba ayrılmaları sonucu kontrol grubuna göre daha az sayıda renal koliği oldu (%41'e karşı %34, p= 0.023). Çok bileşenli diyetsel girişimlerin içeriği ve sonuçları heterojendi; bir çalışmada, diyetsel kalsiyumu artmış, hayvansal proteini düşük miktarda ve sodyumu düşük gruba ayrılmış az sayıdaki katılımcıda kontrol grubuna göre taş nüksü daha düşük (%20'ye karşı %38, p= 0.03) oldu. Oysa diğer bir çalışmada, kontrol grubuna göre düşük miktarda hayvansal protein, yüksek miktarda meyve ve lif, düşük pürin miktarı içeren diyet grubuna ayrılan çok sayıdaki katılımcının nüks taş oranı daha yüksek oldu (%4'e karşı %30, p= 0.004). Çalışmaların hiçbiri diyetteki kalsiyum, sodyum, hayvansal protein, meyve ve lif, pürin, oksalat veya potasyum oranını değiştirmenin bağımsız etkisini incelememişti. İki çalışma, ilave maddelerin kontrol tedavisine göre bir yararı olmadığını göstermişti. İstenmeyen etkilerle ilgili verilerin bildirimi yetersiz düzeydeydi. Sonuçlar: Fazla miktarda sıvı alımı böbrek taşı hastalığının nüks riskini azaltmaktadır. Öncesinde meşrubat tüketimi yüksek olan hastalarda meşrubat alım miktarının azaltılması riski azaltmaktadır. Sınırlı sayıdaki verinin diyetsel kalsiyumdan muhtemelen fayda görüleceğini göstermesine rağmen, diğer diyetsel girişimlerle ilgili verilerden bir sonuç çıkarmak mümkün değildir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Böbrek taşı hastalığı; Diyet; Diyetsel ilave maddeler; Tedavi sonucu; İstenmeyen etkiler; Derleme
ABSTRACT
Context: Although numerous trials have evaluated efficacy of diet, fluid, or supplement interventions for secondary prevention of nephrolithiasis, few are included in previous systematic reviews or referenced in recent nephrolithiasis management guidelines. Objective: To determine efficacy and safety of diet, fluid, or supplement interventions for secondary prevention of nephrolithiasis. Evidence acquisition: Systematic review and meta-analysis of trials published January 1950 to March 2008. Sources included Medline and bibliographies of retrieved articles. Eligible trials included adults with a history of nephrolithiasis; compared diet, fluids, or supplements with control; compared relevant outcomes between randomized groups (eg, stone recurrence); had 3 mo follow-up; and were published in the English language. Data were extracted on participant and trial characteristics, including study methodologic quality. Evidence synthesis: Eight trials were eligible (n = 1855 participants). Study quality was mixed. In two trials, water intake >2 l/d or fluids to achieve urine output >2.5 l/d reduced stone recurrence (relative risk: 0.39; 95% confidence interval: 0.19-0.80). In one trial, fewer high soft drink consumers assigned to reduced soft drink intake had renal colic than controls (34% vs 41%, p = 0.023). Content and results of multicomponent dietary interventions were heterogeneous; in one trial, fewer participants assigned increased dietary calcium, low animal protein, and low sodium had stone recurrence versus controls (20% vs 38%, p = 0.03), while in another trial, more participants assigned diets that included low animal protein, high fruit and fiber, and low purine had recurrent stones than controls (30% vs 4%, p = 0.004). No trials examined the independent effect of altering dietary calcium, sodium, animal protein, fruit and fiber, purine, oxalate, or potassium. Two trials showed no benefit of supplements over control treatment. Adverse event reporting was poor. Conclusions: High fluid intake decreased risk of recurrent nephrolithiasis. Reduced soft drink intake lowered risk in patients with high baseline soft drink consumption. Data for other dietary interventions were inconclusive, although limited data suggest possible benefit from dietary calcium.

Keywords: Nephrolithiasis; Diet; Dietary supplements; Treatment outcome; Adverse events; Review

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