Multiple Pregnancies and Their Problems

Çoğul Gebeliklerde İntrauterin Gelişme Kısıtlılığı ve İkiz Eşi Ölümünde Yönetim
Management of Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Single Fetal Demise in Multiple Pregnancies
Türkan GURBANLIa , N. Cenk SAYINa
aTrakya Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Perinatoloji BD, Edirne, Türkiye
Gurbanlı T, Sayın NC. Çoğul gebeliklerde intrauterin gelişme kısıtlılığı ve ikiz eşi ölümünde yönetim. Şahin HG, editör. Çoğul Gebelikler ve Sorunları. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2025. p.38-46.
Article Language: TR
ÖZET
Çoğul gebeliklerde intrauterin gelişme kısıtlılığı (FGR), erken doğum, perinatal mortalite ve morbiditenin önemli nedenlerindendir. Çoğul gebelikler günümüzde yardımcı üreme tekniklerinin yaygın kullanımı ile artmıştır ve bu gebelerdeki komplikasyonlar da sıklaşmıştır. FGR'nin erken tanımlanması ve uygun yönetimi çoğul gebelikte kritik öneme sahiptir. FGR oluşma mekanizması ve gebelik sonuçları koryonisiteye göre farklıdır. Çoğul gebelikte koryonisitenin ve amniyonisitenin erken tanımlanması önemlidir. Monokoryonik ikizde eşit paylaşılmayan tek plasentanın, plasentada vasküler (genellikle arter-arter) anostomozların varlığı gelişme kısıtlılığının başlıca oluşma nedenidir. Monokoryonik ikizlerde FGR'nin görüldüğü gebelik haftası, takip sıklığı ve doğum zamanı, gebelik sonuçları ve prognozu belirgin farklılıklar gösterebilir. Monokoryonik ikizlerde 24. gebelik haftasından erken görülen FGR'de, ikizler arası ağırlık farkı %35 ve üzerinde olduğunda, UA Doppler'inde diyastolik ters (reverse) akım paterni ve duktus venozus Doppler'inde pulsatilite indeksi 95 persantilin üzerinde veya ters 'a' dalgası görüldüğünde intrauterin fetal cerrahi seçeneği önem arz eder. Dikoryonik ikizlerde ise gelişme kısıtlılığının kabul görmüş nedeni ikizlerden birinde görülen uteroplasental yetmezliktir. Çoğul gebelikte FGR yönetiminde ana amaç viabiliteyi sağlayana kadar gebeliğin uzatılması ve intrauterin fetal ölümü öngörerek diğer fetusun korunmasıdır. İkiz eşi ölümünde yine koryonisite önemli olup hayatta kalan monokoryonik ikiz eşinde %14-20 oranda antenatal beyin hasarı riski vardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Selektif fetal gelişme kısıtlılığı; fetal tedavi; lazer koagülasyonu; monokoryonik ikiz; umbilikal kord oklüzyonu; ikiz eşi intrauterin ölümü
ABSTRACT
Intrauterine growth restriction (FGR) is an important cause of preterm birth, perinatal mortality and morbidity in multiple pregnancies. Multiple pregnancies have increased with the widespread use of assisted reproductive techniques and complications have also become more frequent in these pregnancies. Early identification and appropriate management of FGR is a critical issue in multiple pregnancies. Since the mechanism of FGR and pregnancy outcomes differ depending on the chorionicity, early identification of chorionicity and amnionicity is important in multiple pregnancies. In monochorionic twins, the presence of a single, unequally shared placenta and vascular (usually artery-artery) anastomoses in the placenta are the main causes of FGR. Pregnancy outcomes and prognosis may differ significantly in monochorionic twins due to the gestational age FGR is observed, the frequency of follow-up and the time of delivery. In monochorionic twins, intrauterine fetal surgery is an important option when FGR is observed before the 24th weeks of gestation, when the intertwin weight disproportion is ≥35%, when there is diastolic reverse flow pattern in the umbilical artery Doppler and the pulsatility index is >95th percentile or when a reverse 'a' wave is present in ductus venosus Doppler. In dichorionic twins, the accepted cause of growth restriction is uteroplacental insufficiency in one of the twins. The main purpose in the management of FGR in multiple pregnancies is to prolong the pregnancy until viability is achieved and to protect the co-twin by predicting intrauterine fetal demise. Chorionicity is also important in the intrauterine death of a twin, and there is a 14-20% risk of antenatal brain damage in the surviving monochorionic twin.

Keywords: Selective fetal growth restriction; fetal therapy; laser coagulation; monochorionic twins ; umbilical cord occlusion; single intrauterine death

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