Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Farklı Yöntemler ile Elde Edilen Metal Alaşımlarına Seramiklerin Bağlanma Dayanımının Farklı Test Metotları ile Değerlendirilmesi
Evaluation of the Bond Strength of Ceramics to Metal Alloys Obtained by Different Techniques Using by Different Testing Methods
Fehmi GÖNÜLDAŞa, Pelin ATALAYa, Doğan Derya ÖZTAŞa, Caner ÖZTÜRKb
aProtetik Diş Tedavisi AD, Ankara Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, Ankara, TÜRKİYE
bProtetik Diş Tedavisi AD, Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, Hatay, TÜRKİYE
Turkiye Klinikleri J Dental Sci. 2019;25(1):55-62
doi: 10.5336/dentalsci.2018-62818
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Amaç: Metal destekli porselen restorasyonlar sahip oldukları üstün mekanik özellikler gibi avantajları ile yaygın olarak kullanılan tedavi seçenekleridir. Farklı yöntemlerle elde edilen Co-Cr alaşımlarının metal-porselen bağlanma dayanımlarını, iki farklı test metodu kullanarak değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada, Co-Cr alaşım örnekler selektif lazer sinterleme (n=20) ve geleneksel döküm yöntemi (n=20) kullanılarak hazırlandı ve 4 alt grup (n=10) oluşturuldu. Geleneksel döküm ve selektif lazer sinterleme ile elde edilen örneklere üç nokta bükme testi için, ISO 9693'e göre toplam 1,1 mm kalınlığında olacak şekilde porselen tabakası uygulandı. Makaslama bağlanma dayanımı testi için ise örneklere 4 mm çapında ve 4 mm kalınlığında porselen tabaka uygulandı. Örneklere, universal test cihazı kullanılarak 1,5 mm/dk hız ve 90o açı ile üç nokta bükme testi ve 0,5 mm/dk hızla makaslama bağlanma dayanımı testi uygulanarak, metal-porselen bağlanma dayanımları ölçüldü. Elde edilen veriler tek yönlü varyans analizi kullanılarak p<0,05 anlamlılık düzeyinde değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Farklı yöntemlerle elde edilen metal alaşımlarının metal-porselen bağlantısının üç nokta bükme testi ile değerlendirilmesi sonucu elde edilen değerler arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunamamıştır. Selektif lazer sinterleme yöntemiyle elde edilen alaşımların metal-porselen makaslama bağlanma dayanımlarının, geleneksel döküm yöntemiyle hazırlanan alaşımlara göre anlamı derecede daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Üç nokta bükme testi sonuçlarına göre, grupların metal-porselen bağlanım dayanımları arasında anlamlı bir fark bulunamamıştır ve bu değerler ISO 9693'e göre minimum kabul edilebilir sınırın üzerindedir. Selektif lazer sinterleme yöntemiyle hazırlanan örneklerin metal-porselen makaslama bağlanım dayanımları, geleneksel döküm yöntemiyle hazırlanan alaşımlara göre daha yüksek bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Dental porselen; metal-seramik alaşımlar; selektif lazer sinterleme
ABSTRACT
 Objective: Metal-supported porcelain restorations are widely used as a treatment options due to it's advantages such as superior mechanical properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the metal-porcelain bond strengths of Co-Cr alloys obtained by different methods using two different testing methods. Material and Methods: In this study, Co-Cr alloy specimens were prepared using with selective laser sintering (n=20) and conventional casting (n=20) and specimens were divided 4 subgroups (n=10). For the three-point bending test, porcelain layer were applied to samples according to ISO 9693 with a total thickness of 1.1 mm. For shear bond strength test, porcelain layer 4 mm in diameter and 4 mm in thickness was applied to the specimens. The metal-porcelain bond strengths were measured by a universal testing machine using three-p oint-bending test at a speed of 1.5 mm/min with 90° angle and shear bond strength test at a speed of 0.5 mm/min. The data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA analysis and p<0.05 was assessed as significance level. Results: According to the results of three point bending test conducted, there was no statistically significant difference found between metal-porcelain bond strength of specimens that obtained by different methods. The metal-porcelain shear bond strengths of the alloys obtained by selective laser sintering method were found to be higher than specimens prepared by conventional casting method. Conclusion: According to three-point-bending test results, no significant difference was found between metal-porcelain bond strengths of the groups and these values were above the minimum acceptable limit according to ISO 9693. Metal-porcelain shear bond strengths of specimens prepared by selective laser sintering are higher than alloys prepared by conventional casting.

Keywords: Dental porcelain; metal-ceramic alloys; selective laser sintering
REFERENCES:
  1. de Melo RM, Travassos AC, Neisser MP. Shear bond strengths of a ceramic system to alternative metal alloys. J Prosthet Dent. 2005;93(1):64-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  2. Castillo-Oyagüe R, Osorio R, Osorio E, Sánchez-Aguilera F, Toledano M. The effect of surface treatments on the microroughness of laser-sintered and vacuum-cast base metal alloys for dental prosthetic frameworks. Microsc Res Tech. 2012;75(9):1206-12. - [Crossref] [PubMed]
  3. Lombardo GH, Nishioka RS, Souza RO, Michida SM, Kojima AN, Mesquita AM, et al. Influence of surface treatment on the shear bond strength of ceramics fused to cobaltchromium. J Prosthodont. 2010;19(2):10311.[Crossref] [PubMed]
  4. Lee DH, Lee BJ, Kim SH, Lee KB. Shear bond strength of porcelain to a new millable alloy and a conventional castable alloy. J Prosthet Dent. 2015;113(4):329-35. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  5. Anusavice KJ. Wrought Alloys. Brantley WA. Phillips? Science of Dental Materials. 11th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2003. p.62154.
  6. Rosenstiel SF, Land MF, Fujimoto J. Framework Design and Metal Selection For MetalCeramic Restorations. Contemporary Fixed Prosthodontics Pageburst on Kno Retail Access Code. 4 th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2006. p.589-615.
  7. Dimitriadis K, Spyropoulos K, Papadopoulos T. Metal-ceramic bond strength between a feldspathic porcelain and a Co-Cr alloy fabricated with Direct Metal Laser Sintering technique. J Adv Prosthodont. 2018;10(1):25-31. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  8. Kovalev AI, Vainshtein DL, Mishina VP, Titov VI, Moiseev VF, Tolochko NK. Selective laser sintering of steel powders to obtain products based on SAPR-models. Metallurgist. 2000;4:206-9. [Crossref]
  9. Wang XC, Laoui T, Bonse J, Kruth JP, Lauwers B, Froyen L. Direct selective laser sintering of hard metal powders: experimental study and simulation. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 2002;5(19):351-7. [Crossref]
  10. Anusavice KJ. Standardizing failure, success, and survival decisions in clinical studies of ceramic and metal-ceramic fixed dental prostheses. Dent Mater. 2012;28(1):102-11. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  11. Libby G, Arcuri MR, LaVelle WE, Hebl L. Longevity of fixed partial dentures. J Prosthet Dent. 1997;78(2):127-31. [Crossref]
  12. Strub JR, Stiffler S, Schärer P. Causes of failure following oral rehabilitation: biological versus technical factors. Quintessence Int. 1988;19(3):215-22. [PubMed]
  13. Kim B, Zhang Y, Pines M, Thompson VP. Fracture of porcelain-veneered structures in fatigue. J Dent Res. 2007;86(2):142-6. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  14. Craig RF, Powers J, Wataha JC. Properties of Materials. Dental Materials: Properties and Manipulation. 7 th ed. Sao Paulo, Santos: Mosby; 2002. p.12-32.
  15. Anusavice KJ, Dehoff PH, Fairhurst CW. Comparative evaluation of ceramic-metal bond tests using finite element stress analysis. J Dent Res. 1980;59(3):608-13. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  16. Della Bona A, van Noort R. Shear vs. tensile bond strength of resin composite bonded to ceramic. J Dent Res. 1995;74(9):1591-6. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  17. Almilhatti HJ, Giampaolo ET, Vergani CE, Machado AL, Pavarina AC. Shear bond strength of aesthetic materials bonded to Ni-Cr alloy. J Dent. 2003;31(3):205-11. [Crossref]
  18. Della Bona A, Anusavice KJ, Mecholsky JJ Jr. Failure analysis of resin composite bonded to ceramic. Dent Mater. 2003;19(8):693-9. [Crossref]
  19. Lenz J, Schwarz S, Schwickerath H, Sperner F, Schäfer A. Bond strength of metal-ceramic systems in three-point flexure bond test. J Appl Biomater. 1995;6(1):55-64. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  20. ISO 9693: 1999(E): Metal-ceramic Dental Restorative Systems. 2nd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization; 1999.
  21. Papazoglou E, Brantley WA. Porcelain adherence vs force to failure for palladium-gallium alloys: a critique of metal-ceramic bond testing. Dent Mater. 1998;14(2):112-9. [Crossref]
  22. Xiang N, Xin XZ, Chen J, Wei B. Metal-ceramic bond strength of Co-Cr alloy fabricated by selective laser melting. J Dent. 2012;40(6): 453-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  23. Serra-Prat J, Cano-Batalla J, Cabratosa-Termes J, Figueras-Àlvarez O. Adhesion of dental porcelain to cast, milled, and laser-sintered cobalt-chromium alloys: shear bond strength and sensitivity to thermocycling. J Prosthet Dent. 2014;112(3):600-5. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  24. Ren XW, Zeng L, Wei ZM, Xin XZ, Wei B. Effects of multiple firings on metal-ceramic bond strength of Co-Cr alloy fabricated by selective laser melting. J Prosthet Dent. 2016;115(1): 109-14. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  25. Wu L, Zhu H, Gai X, Wang Y. Evaluation of the mechanical properties and porcelain bond strength of cobalt-chromium dental alloy fabricated by selective laser melting. J Prosthet Dent. 2014;111(1):51-5. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  26. Lawaf S, Nasermostofi S, Afradeh M, Azizi A. Comparison of the bond strength of ceramics to Co-Cr alloys made by casting and selective laser melting. J Adv Prosthodont. 2017;9(1): 52-6. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  27. Akova T, Ucar Y, Tukay A, Balkaya MC, Brantley WA. Comparison of the bond strength of laser-sintered and cast base metal dental alloys to porcelain. Dent Mater. 2008;24(10):1400-4. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  28. Joias RM, Tango RN, Junho de Araujo JE, Junho de Araujo MA, Ferreira Anzaloni Saavedra Gde S, Paes-Junior TJ, et al. Shear bond strength of a ceramic to Co-Cr alloys. J Prosthet Dent. 2008;99(1):54-9. [Crossref]
  29. Bae EJ, Kim JH, Kim WC, Kim HY. Bond and fracture strength of metal-ceramic restorations formed by selective laser sintering. J Adv Prosthodont. 2014;6(4):266-71. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  30. Cai Z, Bunce N, Nunn ME, Okabe T. Porcelain adherence to dental cast CP titanium: effects of surface modifications. Biomaterials. 2001;22(9):979-86. [Crossref]
  31. Wang H, Feng Q, Li N, Xu S. Evaluation of metal-ceramic bond characteristics of three dental Co-Cr alloys prepared with different fabrication techniques. J Prosthet Dent. 2016;116(6):916-23. [Crossref] [PubMed]

.: Up To Date

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com