Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Internal Medical Sciences

Kemik İliği Transplantasyonu Özel Sayısı
Graft-Versus-Host Hastalığı ve Tedavi Yöntemleri
GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE AND TREATMENT METHODS
Ebru KOCAa, Görgün AKPEKb
aİç Hastalıkları AD, Hematoloji Ünitesi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, ANKARA bKan ve İlik Transplantasyonu Programı, Maryland Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Greenebaum Kanser Merkezi, ABD
Turkiye Klinikleri J Int Med Sci. 2006;2(19):23-32
Article Language: TR
ÖZET
Hematopoetik kök hücre nakli (KHN); kemik iliğinden ve lenfatik sistemden kaynaklanan hastalıklar başta olmak üzere bazı immünolojik ve metabolik hastalıkların tedavisi amacıyla uygulanan ve kullanımı her geçen gün artan bir tedavi yöntemidir. Graft-versus-host hastalığı (GVHD), donörden alınıp hastaya kök hücrelerle birlikte verilen sağlıklı T-lenfositlerin aracılık ettiği şiddetli immünolojik reaksiyon sonucu organ fonksiyon bozukluğu ile giden kompleks bir klinik sendromdur. Allojenik KHN'inden sonra en önemli mortalite ve morbidite sebebi olarak kabul edilir. Genelde KHN'den sonra ortaya çıkış zamanına göre akut ve kronik GVHD diye ikiye ayrılan bu hastalığın önlenmesinde önemli gelişmeler kaydedilmesine rağmen, tedavisi konusundaki ilerlemeler maalesef sınırlı kalmıştır. Nakil sonrası ilk üç ay içinde ortaya çıkabilen akut GVHD esas olarak cilt, karaciğer ve barsakları tutar. Oluşumunu önlemek amacıyla hastalara nakilden önce immünsüpresif tedavi başlanır. Siklosporin ve metotreksat bu amaçla en çok kullanılan ilaçlardır. Tedavinin planlanmasında akut GVHD için geliştirilmiş evre ve derecelendirme sistemi kullanılır. Yüksek doz kortikosteroid akut GVHD tedavisinde ilk basamaktır. Destekleyici tedavi hastaların yaşam kalitesini iyileştirir ve tedaviye cevabı olumlu yönde etkileyebilir. GVHD ile birlikte gözlenebilen graft-versus-lösemi (GVL) etkisinin (donör T hücrelerinin hastanın normal dokularında olduğu gibi kanser hücreleri üzerinde de tahribat yapması ve hastalığın eradike edilmesi durumu) gerekli olup olmadığı GVHD tedavisini planlarken göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Kronik GVHD genel olarak nakil sonrası 3. aydan sonra görülmeye başlanır. Bu tür GVHD'nin tedavisi de yüksek doz immünsüpresif içerdiğinden ve uzun süre devam ettiğinden tanının biyopsi ile konfirme edilmesi önemlidir. Allojenik KHN'ini takiben geç dönem relaps haricinde mortalitenin en önemli nedeni olan kronik GVHD, multidisipliner bir tedavi yaklaşımı gerektirir. Tedavide altın standart steroid ve siklosporindir. İnfeksiyon, kronik GVHD'li hastaların en sık ölüm nedenidir. Bu nedenle bu hastalara immunsüpresif tedavi sırasında profilaktik antimikrobiyal ilaçlar verilmesi gereklidir. Son yıllarda hem akut hem de kronik GVHD'nin patogenezinde ortaya çıkarılan bulgular doğrultusunda farklı koruyucu ve tedavi edici yöntemler geliştirilmiştir. Bu yazıda kısaca bu gelişmelere değinilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Graft-versus-host hastalığı, GVHD, kök hücre nakli, transplantasyon, kemik iliği, tedavi
ABSTRACT
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT), which is being used increasingly day by day; is a treatment method for management of mainly lymphohematopoietic diseases and also immunological and metabolic disorders. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a complicated clinical syndrome involving a severe immune reaction mediated by immunologically competent cells, mainly T lymphocytes resulting in organ dysfunction. It is accepted as the most important cause of mortality and morbidity after SCT. Although improvements have been made in the prevention of GVHD, which is usually classified as acute and chronic according to time of appearence, these advances have not resulted in a concomitant improvement in the treatment of this condition. Acute GVHD which usually develops in the first three months after transplantation is a clinicopathological syndrome mainly involving skin, liver, and gut. Immunosuppressive therapy is started before transplantation to prevent development of GVHD. Cyclosporine and methotrexate are most commonly used drugs for this reason. A special stage and grading system developed for acute GVHD is used to propose treatment. High dose corticosteroid is the firstline treatment. Supportive therapy improves quality of life and may affect response to treatment positively. Graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect (destruction of cancer cells as well as receiver's normal tissues by donor T cells and eradication of the disease) should be considered while planning GVHD treatment. Chronic GVHD usually appears after month 3 post-transplant. It is important to confirm the diagnosis by biopsy and rule out other etiologies such as drug eruption and infection before initiating therapy because the therapies for chronic GVHD are highly immunosuppressive and must be continued for a prolonged time. Chronic GVHD which is the most important cause of mortality after SCT except late relapses, needs multidiscipliner approach for treatment. Steroid and cyclosporine are the goldstandards of treatment. Infection is the most common mortality cause in patients with chronic GVHD. For this reason antimicrobial drugs should be given during immunosuppressive treatment. In recent years, different prevention and treatment methods had been developed in the light of new datas about both acute and chronic GVHD pathogenesis. In this review, these new developments will be mentioned briefly.

Keywords: Graft-versus-host disease, GVHD, stem cell transplantation, transplantation, bone marrow, therapy

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