Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences

.: REVIEW
Hematoloji-Onkoloji Kliniklerinde Enfeksiyondan Korunmada Fiziksel ve Kimyasal Yöntemler
NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS IN HEMATOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY CLINICS: PREVENTIVE MEASURES: REVIEW
Deniz GÖRENa, Turgay FENb
aİç Hastalıkları AD, Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesib, Hematoloji Kliniği, Ankara Onkoloji Eğitim Araştırma Hastanesi, ANKARA
Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci. 2005;25(5):706-23
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
Hastanede yatan hastalar ve hastane personeli için önemli bir sorun olan nazokomiyal enfeksiyonlar, tedavisi ve alınması gerekli önlemler, sunduğumuz makalede 6 başlık halinde incelenmiştir. Nazokomiyal enfeksiyonlar, hastaneye yatmadan önce enfeksiyonu olmayan, hastaneye yattıktan sonra ortaya çıkan hastane enfeksiyonlarıdır. En sık üriner sistem enfeksiyonları, cerrahi alan enfeksiyonları, bakteriyemi ve pnömoni şeklinde görülürler. Kemoterapi veya radyoterapi uygulanmış hematolojik ve onkolojik maligniteli hastalarda immün yetmezlik ve buna bağlı hastane enfeksiyonları gelişmektedir. Kemoterapi sonrası nötropeni gelişen hastalarda da enfeksiyonlar ortaya çıkmaktadır. İmmünsüpresif tedavi alan, splenektomi yapılan, kemik iliği transplantasyonu yapılan hastalarda ağır hastane enfeksiyonları gelişmektedir. Hastane enfeksiyonlarının kontrolünde izolasyon uygulamaları önemli bir yer almaktadır. İzolasyon uygulamaları hastalığa ve kategoriye göre izolasyon olmak üzere 2 şekilde uygulanmaktadır. Kategoriye göre izolasyon; tam izolasyon, temas izolasyonu, solunum izolasyonu, Tbc izolasyonu, enterik önlemler, drenaj-sekresyon önlemi, kan ve vücut sıvıları önlemidir. Pratikte uygulanan standart önlemler kan ve vücut sıvıları kaynaklı patojenlerin bulaşma riskini azaltmak için uygulanmaktadır. Ayrıca temas önlemleri, damlacık önlemleri, solunum önlemleri olmak üzere bulaşma yoluna bağlı izolasyon önlemleri de uygulanmaktadır. Tbc kontrol önlemleri ile hastanede yatan hastalarda artan vankomisin direncinin yayılmasının önlenmesinde, ciddi uygulamaların yapılması gerektiği vurgulanmıştır. Hastanede yatan hastalarda kemoterapi uygulanması ve mayi verilmesi için damar içi kateterler uygulanmakta ve hastalarda kateter enfeksiyonlarına neden olabilmektedir. Kateter enfeksiyonlarının önlenmesi ve enfeksiyonda yapılacak tedaviler ve uygulanacak antibiyotikler önemle vurgulanmıştır. Diğer bir önlemde nötropenik hasta odalarında havanın kontaminasyonunu önleyen HEPA filtrelerdir. Hastanelerde el antisepsisinde kullanılan kimyasal ürünler alkol, klorhekzidin glukonat, hekzaklorofen, iodin ve iodoforlar, para-klor-meta-ksilenol ve triklosandır. Hastane ortamında kullanılan hasta bakım malzemelerini taşıdıkları enfeksiyon riskine göre dezenfeksiyon metodunu belirlemek mümkündür. Günlük dezenfeksiyon uygulamalarına alınabilecek alanları da 3 grupta toplamak mümkündür. Bunlar hastane zemini, kan ve hastaların diğer materyali ile enfekte zemin, banko-masa gibi zeminlerdir. Hastanelerde zemin, duvar, tuvalet, banyo ve kapı kolu gibi düzenli olarak temizlenen ve enfeksiyon riski bulunmayan yüzeylerin temizliğinde genellikle dezenfektan gerekli değildir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Enfeksiyon, immünkompromize hasta, nötropeni, izolasyon, antisepsi
ABSTRACT
Nosocomial infections, potentially a problem of dire consequences for hospitalized patients and healthcare staff, are discussed at length in this article, with emphasis on preventive measures and treatment modalities. Nosocomial infections often develop after hospitalization of patients with a history of infection. They most frequently manifest as urinary and surgical infections, bacteremia and pneumonia. In patients with hematological and oncological malignancies undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy, immunodeficiency is not uncommon and associated hospital infections may develop. Severe infections may also develop in patients subjected to immunosuppressive treatment, splenectomy and bone marrow transplantation. Isolation procedures play an important role in the control of hospital infections. Such procedures are customarily applied in two forms: disease-based isolation and category-based isolation. The latter includes full, contact, and respiratory isolation (e.g., Tbc), as well as drainage-secretion, blood and other body fluid containment measures. These practical measures are aimed at diminishing the risk of contamination through fluid and airborne pathogens. It is emphasized that stringent procedures are to be applied under the tuberculosis control methods to avoid strengthening resistance to vancomycin in hospitalized patients. Intravascular catheters are often used for chemotherapy and fluid replacement, which frequently results in catheter-induced infections. The prevention and treatment of such infections are issues of importance. Another precaution is the use of HEPA filters that prevent air contamination in neutropenic patient rooms. Chemical products used for hand antisepsis in hospitals include alcohol, chlorohexidine, gluconate, hexachlorophene, iodine and iodophores, para-chloro-meta-xylenol and triclosan. A determination of the disinfection method to be employed is often possible when the potential risks of infection associated with the use of certain patient care materials in the hospital environment are considered. However, potential foci for daily disinfection procedures may be classified into three groups: the hospital floor in general, floors infected with blood and other patient materials, and surfaces such as desks and chairs. No special disinfectant is usually needed in the cleansing of regular hospital areas such as floors, walls, WC, bathroom and door handles that are regularly serviced and do not carry a heightened risk of infection.

Keywords: Infection, immunocompromised host, antisepsis

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30.03.2014

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