Turkiye Klinikleri Pediatric Surgery - Special Topics

Hepatopankreatikobilier Çocuk Cerrahisi Özel Sayısı
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Karaciğer Cerrahi Anatomisi
Surgical Anatomy of the Liver
Dr. Osman Faruk ŞENYÜZa
aÇocuk Cerrahisi AD, İstanbul Üniversitesi Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi, İstanbul
Turkiye Klinikleri J Pediatr Surg-Special Topics. 2010;3(2):40-7
Article Language: TR
ÖZET
Karaciğer cerrahisi öncesi, karaciğer içi ve etrafı anatomi varyasyonları gayet sık olduğundan, karaciğer haritasının belirlenmesi ve üzerinde çalışılması elzemdir. Organ parenkim yapısı ve damar anatomisi kontrastlı spiral tomografi ve 3 boyutlu bilgisayar düzenlemesi ile değerlendirilir. Bazı olgularda ise, safra yollarını görüntülemek için magnetik rezonans kolanjiografi gerekli olur. Anatomi ile ilgili bir kaç noktada vurgu yapmak gerekir. Sol vena porta dalı daha uzun olup, transvers planda ilerleyerek ligamentum venosum'a ulaşır. Bazı olgularda, sağ anterior sektör porta ven'i sol ana vena porta dalından tek geniş kütük veya çoklu parenkim içi dallanmalar şeklinde gelir. Bu olgularda sol hepatektomi uygulaması sağ lob anterior sektör'ü v. porta kanından mahrum bırakır. Bazı karaciğerlerde ise, sol karaciğer medial ve lateral sektör kanı sağ vena porta'dan gelir. Bu defa, sağ hepatektomi sol taraf karaciğeri v. porta kanından mahrum bırakacaktır. Standart olarak adlandırılan arter anatomisi, truncus celiacus çıkışlı a. hepatica communis, olguların %55-60 kadarında mevcuttur. En sık ratlanan varyasyon, a. gastrica sinistra çıkışlı aberran sol hepatik arter, a. mesenterica superior çıkışlı aberran sağ hepatik arter'dir. Bazı olgularda, karaciğer sağ lobu anterior sektörüne, sol hepatik arter'den gelen aksesuar veya replase aberran dallar görürüz. Vena hepaticae parenkim diseksiyonu-rezeksiyon sırasında yol göstericidir. Çoğunlukla sağ hepatik ven, vena cava inferior'a ayrı olarak tek başına, orta hepatik ve sol hepatik venler ise birleşerek bir kütük şeklinde açılır. Nadir olarak, 3 hepatik ven birleşerek ortak bir kütük şeklinde vena cava'ya girer. Bu taktirde, kişide genişletilmiş sol hepatektomi planlanmış ise bir veya birden fazla retrohepatik geniş vasa brevia bulunması çok önem arzeder. Safra yolları varyasyonları istisna olarak değil fakat normal anatomi olarak kabul edilmelidir. Operasyon esnasında uygulanan kolanjiografi, varyasyonları belirlemede en iyi yöntemdir. Bazı olgularda, sağ lob posterior veya anterior sektör safra kanalı sol ana safra kanal dalı ile birleşir. Baştan elde edilmiş yol haritası yoksa, sol hepatektomi veya sol genişletilmiş hepatektomi sonrasında, geride kalan karaciğer volümü kendisini drene edecek safra yolundan mahrum kalır. Karaciğer lobar arterleri diseke edilirken onları safra kanallarından ayırmamaya, safra kanalı üzerinde kanlanmayı bozmamaya çalışırız. Anatomi, aynı zamanda, hastalıklarda vücutta meydana gelen değişikliklerle de ilgilidir. Buna misal olarak portal hipertansiyon'u gösterebiliriz. Portal hipertansif hastada kollateral gelişim bir fizyopatoloji cevabı olup özofagus varis kanama sebebidir. Enteresan nokta, aynı patolojiye sahip hastaların bazılarında kanama oluşması, bir diğerinde oluşmaması veya varis gelişimine de rastlanmamasıdır. Aynı grup altındaki hastaların bazılarının neden kanadığı diğerlerinin ise neden kanamadığını, portal alanı drene eden, önceden var olan, vasküler kanalların varlığı ve kapasiteleri ile izah edilebilir. Modern anatomi anlayışı, yalnızca tek organ anatomisini değil organ sistemleri anatomisini göz önüne alır, operasyon öncesi ve operasyon sırasında uygulanan radyoloji görüntüleme yöntemlerinin yardımı ile de karaciğer üzerinde uygulanan girişimlerin sorunsuz geçmesini sağlar.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Karaciğer, arteria hepatica, vena porta, vena hepaticae, vena cava inferior, varyasyon, aberran
ABSTRACT
Careful documentation of the anatomic map is necessary before liver surgery. This is an important step since anatomic variations in the liver are quite common. Anatomic evaluation of vascular and parenchymal anatomy are obtained by a contrast enhanced spiral computerized tomography with software 3D reconstruction of the arterial anatomy and liver parenchymal determination. In some cases, magnetic resonance cholangiogram is necessary for preoperative evaluation of the biliary system. A few points about anatomy need to be stressed. The left portal branch is long, running transversely up to the ligamentum venosum. In some cases, the right anterior sector vein comes from the left portal vein either as a single trunk or multiple intraparenchymal branches. Left hepatectomy deprives the blood to the anterior sector of the right lobe in those cases. In some livers, medial and left lateral sector blood suply arises from the right portal vein. Right hepatectomy endangers the left lobe in this situation. The arterial anatomy is standard, common hepatic artery coming from the celiac trunk, in 55-60% of cases. The most common variations are an aberrant left hepatic artery from the left gastric artery and an aberrant right hepatic artery from the superior mesenteric artery. In some cases we see an accessory or replaced left hepatic artery to the anterior segments of the right liver. Hepatic veins guide intraparenchymal transection line during hepatic resection. Usualy, the right hepatic vein enters the vena cava separetely from the trunk made of the middle and left hepatic veins. Rarely, all three may enter the vena cava together as a single trunk. In that case, it is very important to discover one or two large retrohepatic veins if the patient is about to undergo the left extended hepatectomy. Variability in biliary system is the norm rather than the exception. Intraoperative cholangiography is the gold standard. In some cases, the right posterior duct or the right anterior duct joins the left duct. Without this roadmap, if someone attempts to perform left hepatectomy or left extended hepatectomy, it means that the rest of the liver would remain ductless to drain itself. We try not to skeletonize the bile ducts during the dissection of the arteries in order not to create ischemic areas on them. Anatomy also deals with the bodily changes due to the disease process. An example is portal hypertension. The development of the collaterals is the pathophysiologic event that leads to esophageal variceal bleeding in patients with portal hypertension. This is not the case everytime, as some patients do not bleed and may not develop esophageal varices although the underlying pathology is the same. The main drainage pathways of the portal bed, based on the naturally existent anatomic channels, may explain why some patients have recurrent bouts of upper gastrointestinal bleeding while others in the same group do not. Modern anatomy concept not only deals with a single organ but organ systems in conjunction with preoperative and intraoperative radiologic imagining procedures in order to have good results after operative interventions on the liver.

Keywords: Liver, hepatic artery, portal vein, hepatic veins, inferior vena cava, variation, aberrant

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