Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences

.: REVIEW
Kompozit Rezinlerin Polimerizasyon Özellikleriyle İlgili Analiz Yöntemleri
Analysis Methods Regarding the Polymerization Properties of Composite Resins
Merve AĞACCIOĞLUa, Fatma AYTAÇb
aRestoratif Diş Tedavisi AD, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, Tokat, TÜRKİYE
bRestoratif Diş Tedavisi AD, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, Bolu, TÜRKİYE
Turkiye Klinikleri J Dental Sci. 2019;25(2):201-12
doi: 10.5336/dentalsci.2017-58555
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Restoratif diş hekimliğinde yaygın olarak kullanılan kompozit rezinler, günümüzde gelişen teknoloji sayesinde birçok yenilikler içermektedirler. Bu gelişmeler kapsamlı klinik ve laboratuvar testleriyle değerlendirilirken, günümüz standartlarıyla kıyaslamalar yapılmaktadır. Kompozit rezin materyallerin mekanik ve fiziksel özelliklerini etkileyen önemli faktörlerden olan polimerizasyon özellikleri bu materyallere ait araştırmaların temel konularındandır. Kompozit rezinlerin başarısını tahmin etmede in vivo çalışmaların gerçekleştirme zorluğu ve yüksek maliyet gerektirmeleri sebebiyle in vitro çalışmalar daha sık tercih edilmektedir. Polimerizasyon etkinliği kapsamında incelenen özellikler; polimerizasyon büzülmesi ve stresleri, dönüşüm derecesi ve polimerizasyon derinliği gibi parametreleri kapsamaktadır. Bu parametrelerden polimerizasyon büzülmesi ve streslerinin incelemesinde tensilometre, tensometre, çatlak analizi, koordinat ölçme cihazı (coordinate measuring machine), optik koherens tomografisi ve dijital görüntü korelasyonu (digital image correlation-DIC) yöntemleri kullanılmaktadır. Polimerizasyon derecesinin incelendiği yöntemler arasında civalı dilatometre, bonded disk, AcuVol ve "Managing Accurate Resin Curing (MARC)" yer almaktadır. Yüksek performanslı sıvı kromatografisi ve "Fourier dönüşümlü kızılötesi spektroskopisi (FTIR)" artık monomer analiz yöntemleri kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir. Kazıma (scraping) ve penetrasyon yöntemleri ise polimerizasyon derinliğinin belirlenmesinde kullanılmaktadır. Bu parametrelerin yanında, piknometre ve termal analizler olarak da diferansiyel tarama kalorimetresi (Differential Scanning Calorimetry-DSC) ve termogravimetrik analiz literatürde yer alan analizlerdir. Bu çalışmada, öne çıkan polimerizasyon nitelikleri ve analiz yöntemlerine ait güncel bilgilerin sunulması amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Polimerizasyon; kompozit rezin; analiz yöntemleri
ABSTRACT
 Due to recent developments in today?s technology there are many innovations regarding composite resins which are the most commonly used materials in restorative dentistry. These advances are investigated through clinical trials and laboratory tests, being compared with available standards. Polymerization properties of composite resins, one of the most important factors regarding material's mechanical and physical qualities, are essential study subjects in the literature. In vitro studies are often preferred in order to predict the composite resin materials success, in compare to in vivo trials because of their practical difficulties and high costs. Polymerization efficiency includes properties such as polymerization shrinkage and stresses, degree of conversion and polymerization depth. Tensilometer, tensometer, crack analysis, coordinate measuring machine, optical coherence tomography and digital image correlation are the methods used to examine polymerization shrinkage and stresses. Degree of conversion investigaiton consists mercury dilatometer, bonded disc, AcuVol and MARC (Managing Accurate Resin Curing) methods. high-performance liquid chromatomography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy are included as residuel monomer analysis techniques. Also scraping penetration methods are used in order to determine polymerization depth. In addition to these parameters pycnometer and thermal analyses are other mentioned topics. Consequently, it was attempted to present collective and comprehensive information about significant polymerization properties and analyzes.

Keywords: Polymerization; composite resin; analysis methods
REFERENCES:
  1. Sakaguchi RL, Powers JM. Restorative materials-composites and polymers. Craig?s Restorative Dental Materials. 13 th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby; 2012. p.161-98. [Crossref]
  2. Dayangaç B. [Composite resins]. Kompozit Restorasyonlar. 1. Baskı. İstanbul: Quintessence Yayıncılık; 2011. p.2-25.
  3. Ilie N, Keßler A, Durner J. Influence of various irradiation processes on the mechanical properties and polymerisation kinetics of bulk-fill resin based composites. J Dent. 2013;41(8):695-702. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  4. Ilie N, Durner J. Polymerization kinetic calculations in dental composites: a method comparison analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2014;18(6):1587-96. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  5. Leprince JG, Palin WM, Hadis MA, Devaux J, Leloup G. Progress in dimethacrylate-based dental composite technology and curing efficiency. Dent Mater. 2012;29(2):139-56.[Crossref] [PubMed]
  6. Price RB, Labrie D, Rueggeberg FA, Felix CM. Irradiance differences in the violet (405 nm) and blue (460 nm) spectral ranges among dental light-curing units. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2010;22(6):363-77. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  7. Soares CJ, Rodrigues MP, Oliveira LRS, Braga SSL, Barcelos LM, Silva GRD, et al. An evaluation of the light output from 22 contemporary light curing units. Braz Dent J. 2017;28(3):362-71. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  8. Ferracane JL. Resin composite--state of the art. Dent Mater. 2011;27(1):29-38. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  9. Anusavice K, Shen CRH. Restorative resins and cements. Phillips? Science of Dental Materials. 12 th ed. Missouri: Saunders; 2013. p.275-306.
  10. Ishikiriama SK, Valeretto TM, Franco EB, Mondelli RF. The influence of ?C-factor? and light activation technique on polymerization contraction forces of resin composite. J Appl Oral Sci. 2012;20(6):603-6. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  11. Braga RR, Ballester RY, Ferracane JL. Factors involved in the development of polymerization shrinkage stress in resin-composites: a systematic review. Dent Mater. 2005;21(10):962-70. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  12. Mantri SP, Mantri SS. Management of shrinkage stresses in direct restorative light-cured composites: a review. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2013;25(5):305-13. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  13. Lee IB, Cho BH, Son HH, Um CM. A new method to measure the polymerization shrinkage kinetics of light cured composites. J Oral Rehabil. 2005;32(4):304-14. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  14. Amore R, Pagani C, Youssef MN, Anauate Netto C, Lewgoy HR. Polymerization shrinkage evaluation of three packable composite resins using a gas pycnometer. Pesqui Odontol Bras. 2003;17(3):273-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  15. Weig KM, Magalhães Filho TR, Costa Neto CA, Costa MF. Evaluation of polymerization shrinkage of dental composites by an optical method. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2015;47:70-6. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  16. Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls RH. Mechanical properties of dental materials. Phillips? Science of Dental Materials. 12th ed. Missouri: Saunders; 2013. p.48-68.
  17. Sakaguchi R. Fundamentals of materials science. In: Sakaguchi RL, Powers JM, eds. Craigs?s Restorative Dental Materials. 13th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby; 2012. p.33-81.
  18. Ölmez A, Tuna D. [The factors affecting polymerisation shrinkage]. Cumhur Dent J. 2002;5(1):52-7.
  19. Gonçalves F, Azevedo CL, Ferracane JL, Braga RR. BisGMA/TEGDMA ratio and filler content effects on shrinkage stress. Dent Mater. 2011;27(6):520-6. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  20. Kwon Y, Ferracane J, Lee IB. Effect of layering methods, composite type, and flowable liner on the polymerization shrinkage stress of light cured composites. Dent Mater. 2012;28(7):801-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  21. Al Sunbul H, Silikas N, Watts DC. Polymerization shrinkage kinetics and shrinkagestress in dental resin-composites. Dent Mater. 2016;32(8):998-1006. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  22. Cramer NB, Stansbury JW, Bowman CN. Recent advances and developments in composite dental restorative materials. J Dent Res. 2011;90(4):402-16. [Crossref] [PubMed][PMC]
  23. Kusgoz A, Ülker M, Yesilyurt C, Yoldas OH, Ozil M, Tanriver M. Silorane-based composite: depth of cure, surface hardness, degree of conversion, and cervical microleakage in Class II cavities. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2011;23(5):324-35. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  24. Cramer NB, Couch CL, Schreck KM, Boulden JE, Wydra R, Stansbury JW, et al. Properties of methacrylate-thiol-ene formulations as dental restorative materials. Dent Mater. 2011;26 (8):799-806. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  25. de Melo Monteiro GQ, Montes MA, Rolim TV, de Oliveira Mota CC, de Barros Correia Kyotoku B, Gomes AS, et al. Alternative methods for determining shrinkage in restorative resin composites. Dent Mater. 2011;27(8): e176-85. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  26. Van Ende A, Van de Casteele E, Depypere M, De Munck J, Li X, Maes F, et al. 3D volumetric displacement and strain analysis of composite polymerization. Dent Mater. 2015;31(4): 453-61. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  27. Jongsma LA, Kleverlaan CJ. Influence of temperature on volumetric shrinkage and contraction stress of dental composites. Dent Mater. 2015;31(6):721-5. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  28. Wang Z, Landis FA, Giuseppetti AA, Lin-Gibson S, Chiang MY. Simultaneous measurement of polymerization stress and curing kinetics for photo-polymerized composites with high filler contents. Dent Mater. 2014;30(12):1316-24. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  29. Chiang MY, Giuseppetti AA, Qian J, Dunkers JP, Antonucci JM, Schumacher GE, et al. Analyses of a cantilever-beam based instrument for evaluating the development of polymerization stresses. Dent Mater. 2012;27(9): 899-905. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  30. Yamamoto T, Nakamura Y, Nishide A, Kubota Y, Momoi Y. Contraction stresses in direct and indirect composite restorations compared by crack analysis. J Adhes Dent. 2013;15(1):4754.
  31. Braga RR, Yamamoto T, Tyler K, Boaro LC, Ferracane JL, Swain MV. A comparative study between crack analysis and a mechanical test for assessing the polymerization stress of restorative composites. Dent Mater. 2012;28(6):632-41. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  32. Yamamoto T, Kubota Y, Momoi Y, Ferracane JL. Polymerization stresses in low-shrinkage dental resin composites measured by crack analysis. Dent Mater. 2012;28(9):e143-9.[Crossref] [PubMed]
  33. Baek JH, Na J, Lee BH, Choi E, Son WS. Optical approach to the periodontal ligament under orthodontic tooth movement: a preliminary study with optical coherence tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135(2): 252-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  34. Lau A, Li J, Heo YC, Fok A. A study of polymerization shrinkage kinetics using digital image correlation. Dent Mater. 2015;31(4): 391-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  35. Li J, Fok AS, Satterthwaite J, Watts DC. Measurement of the full-field polymerization shrinkage and depth of cure of dental composites using digital image correlation. Dent Mater. 2009;25(5):582-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  36. Al-Ahdal K, Ilie N, Silikas N, Watts DC. Polymerization kinetics and impact of post polymerization on the degree of conversion of bulk-fill resin-composite at clinically relevant depth. Dent Mater. 2015;31(10): 1207-13. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  37. Erdemir U, Sancaklı HS, Yıldız E, Özel S. [Effects of different light curing units on surface hardness of nanocomposites]. On Dokuz Mayıs Uni Dis Hek Fak Derg. 2011;12(1):17.
  38. Barutcigil Ç, Ahmetoğlu F, Turgut H, Dayı B, Yalçın M. [Degree of conversion of novel lowshrinkage composites and methacrylatebased resin composite]. J Dent Fac Ataturk Uni. 2014;24(1):39-43.
  39. Jongsma LA, de Jager N, Kleverlaan CJ, Pallav P, Feilzer AJ. Shear bond strength of three dual-cured resin cements to dentin analyzed by finite element analysis. Dent Mater. 2012;28(10):1080-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  40. Chen Q, Zhao Y, Wu W, Xu T, Fong H. Fabrication and evaluation of Bis-GMA/TEGDMA dental resins/composites containing halloysite nanotubes. Dent Mater. 2012;28(10):1071-9.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  41. Yücel T, Benderli Y. [A study about polymerisation shrinkage of composite resins by using dilatometric tecnique]. IU Dis Hek Fak Derg. 1991;25(1):21-4.
  42. Alnazzawi A, Watts DC. Simultaneous determination of polymerization shrinkage, exotherm and thermal expansion coefficient for dental resin-composites. Dent Mater. 2012;28(12):1240-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  43. Tiba A, Charlton DG, Vandewalle KS, Ragain JC Jr. Comparison of two video-imaging instruments for measuring volumetric shrinkage of dental resin composites. J Dent. 2005;33(9):757-63. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  44. Seth S, Lee CJ, Ayer CD. Effect of instruction on dental students’ ability to light-cure a simulated restoration. J Can Dent Assoc. 2012;78:c123.
  45. Anusavice KJ, Shen C, Rawls HR. Bonding and bonding agents. Phillips? Science of Dental Materials. 12 th ed. Missouri: Saunders; 2013. p.257-74.
  46. Bayne SC. Correlation of clinical performance with ?in vitro tests? of restorative dental materials that use polymer-based matrices. Dent Mater. 2012;28(1):52-71. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  47. Małkiewicz K, Owoc A, Kluska M, Grzech-Leśniak K, Turło J. HPLC analysis of potentially harmful substances released from dental filing materials available on the EU market. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2014;21(1):86-90.
  48. Łagocka R, Jakubowska K, Chlubek D, Buczkowska-Radlińska J. Elution study of unreacted TEGDMA from bulk-fill composite (SDRTM Dentsply) using HPLC. Adv Med Sci. 2015;60(2):191-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  49. Van Landuyt KL, Nawrot T, Geebelen B, De Munck J, Snauwaert J, Yoshihara K, et al. How much do resin-based dental materials release? A meta-analytical approach. Dent Mater. 2011;27(8):723-47. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  50. Cebe MA, Cebe F, Cengiz MF, Cetin AR, Arpag OF, Ozturk B. Elution of monomer from different bulk fill dental composite resins. Dent Mater. 2015;31(7):e141-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  51. Tabatabaee MH, Arami S, Ghavam M, Rezaii A. Monomer release from nanofilled and microhybrid dental composites after bleaching. J Dent (Tehran). 2014;11(1):56-66.
  52. Mc Nally L, O?Sullivan DJ, Jagger DC. An in vitro investigation of the effect of the addition of untreated and surface treated silica on the transverse and impact strength of poly(methyl methacrylate) acrylic resin. Biomed Mater Eng. 2006;16(2):93-100.
  53. Alshali RZ, Salim NA, Sung R, Satterthwaite JD, Silikas N. Qualitative and quantitative characterization of monomers of uncured bulkfill and conventional resin-composites using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Dent Mater. 2015;31(6):711-20. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  54. Tonetto MR, Pinto SC, Rastelli Ade N, Borges AH, Saad JR, Pedro FL, et al. Degree of conversion of polymer-matrix composite assessed by FTIR analysis. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2013;14(1):76-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  55. Czasch P, Ilie N. In vitro comparison of mechanical properties and degree of cure of bulk fill composites. Clin Oral Investig. 2013;17(1):227-35. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  56. Oei JD, Mishriky M, Barghi N, Rawls HR, Cardenas HL, Aguirre R, et al. Development of a low-color, color stable, dual cure dental resin. Dent Mater. 2013;29(4):405-12. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  57. Flury S, Hayoz S, Peutzfeldt A, Hüsler J, Lussi A. Depth of cure of resin composites: is the ISO 4049 method suitable for bulk fill materials? Dent Mater. 2012;28(5):521-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  58. Leprince JG, Leveque P, Nysten B, Gallez B, Devaux J, Leloup G. New insight into the ?depth of cure? of dimethacrylate-based dental composites. Dent Mater. 2012;28(5): 512-20. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  59. Leprince JG, Palin WM, Vanacker J, Sabbagh J, Devaux J, Leloup G. Physico-mechanical characteristics of commercially available bulkfill composites. J Dent. 2014;42(8):9931000. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  60. Alrahlah A, Silikas N, Watts DC. Post-cure depth of cure of bulk fill dental resin-composites. Dent Mater. 2014;30(2):149-54. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  61. Erickson RL, Barkmeier WW. Curing characteristics of a composite. Part 2: the effect of curing configuration on depth and distribution of cure. Dent Mater. 2014;30(6):e134-45.[Crossref] [PubMed]
  62. Aljabo A, Xia W, Liaqat S, Khan MA, Knowles JC, Ashley P, et al. Conversion, shrinkage, water sorption, flexural strength and modulus of re-mineralizing dental composites. Dent Mater. 2015;31(11):1279-89. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  63. Leprince JG, Hadis M, Shortall AC, Ferracane JL, Devaux J, Leloup G, et al. Photoinitiator type and applicability of exposure reciprocity law in filled and unfilled photoactive resins. Dent Mater. 2011;27(2):157-64. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  64. Bennett AW, Watts DC. Performance of two blue light-emitting-diode dental light curing units with distance and irradiation-time. Dent Mater. 2004;20(1):72-9. [Crossref]
  65. Garcia D, Yaman P, Dennison J, Neiva G. Polymerization shrinkage and depth of cure of bulk fill flowable composite resins. Oper Dent. 2014;39(4):441-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  66. Agrawal A, Manwar NU, Hegde SG, Chandak M, Ikhar A, Patel A. Comparative evaluation of surface hardness and depth of cure of silorane and methacrylate-based posterior composite resins: an in vitro study. J Conserv Dent. 2015;18(2):136-9. [Crossref] [PubMed][PMC]
  67. Bouschlicher MR, Rueggeberg FA, Wilson BM. Correlation of bottom-to-top surface microhardness and conversion ratios for a variety of resin composite compositions. Oper Dent. 2004;29(6):698-704.
  68. Maia RR, Reis RS, Moro AF, Perez CR, Pessôa BM, Dias KR. Properties evaluation of silorane, low-shrinkage, non-flowable and flowable resin-based composites in dentistry. Peer J. 2015;3:e864. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  69. Ramalho A, Braga de Carvalho, Antunes PV. Effects of temperature on mechanical and tribological properties of dental restorative composite materials. Tribol Int. 2013;63:186-95.[Crossref]
  70. Miyazaki CL, Medeiros IS, Matos JDR, Rodrigues Filho LE. Thermal characterization of dental composites by TG/DTG and DSC. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2010;102(1):361-7. [Crossref]
  71. Kantürk Figen A, Yilmaz Atali P, Pişkin MB. Thermal properties and kinetics of new-generation posterior bulk fill composite cured lightemitting diodes: TG, DSC, DMA. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2014;118(1):31-42. [Crossref]
  72. Qidwai M, Sheraz MA, Ahmed S, Alkhuraif AA, ur Rehman I. Preparation and characterization of bioactive composites and fibers for dental applications. Dent Mater. 2014;30(10): e253-63. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  73. Alshali RZ, Salim NA, Satterthwaite JD, Silikas N. Post-irradiation hardness development, chemical softening, and thermal stability of bulk-fill and conventional resin-composites. J Dent. 2014;43(2):209-18. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  74. Rastelli AN, Jacomassi DP, Faloni AP, Queiroz TP, Rojas SS, Bernardi MI, et al. The filler content of the dental composite resins and their influence on different properties. Microsc Res Tech. 2012;75(6):758-65. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  75. Beun S, Bailly C, Devaux J, Leloup G. Physical, mechanical and rheological characterization of resin-based pit and fissure sealants compared to flowable resin composites. Dent Mater. 2012;28(4):349-59. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  76. Sampath S, Girish SR. Thermal studies on different classes of clinical dental composites. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2013;(111):219-25.[Crossref]
  77. Sideridou ID, Karabela MM, Spyroudi CS. Dynamic mechanical analysis of a hybrid and a nanohybrid light-cured dental resin composite. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 2009;20(12): 1797-808. [Crossref][PubMed]
  78. Sideridou ID, Vouvoudi EC, Adamidou EA. Dynamic mechanical thermal properties of the dental light-cured nanohybrid composite Kalore, GC: effect of various food/oral simulating liquids. Dent Mater. 2015;31(2):154-61.[Crossref] [PubMed]

.: Up To Date

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com