The Practice of Medical Metrology

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Albert GÜVENİŞ
Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Biyomedikal Mühendisliği Enstitüsü, İstanbul, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Sağlık, hayatımız için en önemli konudur. Son yüzyılda bilimsel çalışmaların hızlanması ile, tıp, kanıta, kantitatif değerlere ve ölçüme dayalı bir sisteme doğru yönelmiştir. Tıp hizmetlerinin kalitesi, yapılan ölçümlerin doğruluğu ve hassasiyeti ile orantılıdır. Ölçümlerde hata ve belirsizlikler, yanlış tanı ve tedavilere neden olurlar. Bu nedenle, tıpta ölçüm cihazlarının ve ölçüm protokollerinin doğru yönetimi hayati bir rol oynamaktadır. Metroloji, ölçüm bilimine verilen addır. Tıbbi metroloji, kalibrasyon cihazları, bilgi, süreç ve standartlardan oluşan karmaşık bir sistemdir. Tıbbi metrolojinin uygulanması ile ilgili yayınlar azdır. Bu kitabın amacı, bu önemli konudaki boşluğu doldurmaya yöneliktir. Tıbbi metroloji alanında çalışan çok önemli bilim insanları bu projeye destek vermiştir. Hepsine tek tek teşekkür ediyorum. Ayrıca bu projeyi hayata geçiren Türkiye Kinikleri'ne sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım.

Kitabın, sağlık alanında çalışan çok çeşitli uzman ve profesyonellere faydalı olmasını amaçladık. Sağlık hizmetleri yöneticilerinden hekimlere, hemşirelerden teknisyenlere, klinik mühendislerinden kalite uzmanlarına kadar geniş bir okuyucu kitlesinin bu kitaptan yararlanabileceğini umut ediyoruz.

Kitabın hazırlanmasında tıbbi metrolojinin farklı alanları ve uygulamaları için o alanlarda emek vermiş, uluslararası yayınlar yapmış bilim insanlarından yardım istendi. Kitap aşağıdaki bölümlerden oluşmaktadır:

İlk bölümün başlığı ''Tıbbi Metrolojinin Temel Prensipleri'' ve yazarı Doç. Dr. Mana Sezdi. Bu bölümde, uzman personel eğitimi, yetkilendirilmiş kuruluşlar, tıbbi cihaz türleri, test, kontrol ve kalibrasyon ölçümlerinin temelleri ve bu faaliyetleri kapsayan yönetmelikler ele alınmıştır

İkinci bölümün başlığı ''Tıbbi Metrolojide Fantomlar'' ve yazarları Dr. Tarık Karabey ve Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ertuğrul. Radyografik cihazların değerlendirme ve kalite kontrol testlerinin yapılabilmesi için uygun olarak tasarlanan ve gerçek dokunun yerini alan malzemelere fantom adı verilir. Bu bölümde dokuların iletkenlik ve geçirgenlikleri, dielektrik özellikleri, görüntüleme tekniklerinde ve radyoterapide fantomlar, fantomların sınıflandırılması ve fantomların tasarımı konuları ayrıntılı olarak anlatılmıştır.

Üçüncü bölümün başlığı ''Sağlık Personelinin Tıbbi Cihaz Kalibrasyonu ile İlgili Hassasiyetleri'' ve yazarları Dr. Hafize Özdemir Alkanat, Dr. Mehmet Alkanat ve Doç. Dr. Fadime Üstüner Top. Bu bölümde, sağlık personelinin kullandığı tıbbı cihazlara ilişkin kalibrasyon bilgilerinin ve uygulamalarının, bakım kalitesi ve sağlık hizmetleri verimliliği açısından önemi vurgulanmaktadır.

Dördüncü bölümün başlığı ''Hastane Akreditasyonunda Kalibrasyon Çalışmaları'' ve yazarı Prof. Dr. Yekta Ülgen. Bu bölümde hastane akreditasyonunda kalibrasyon çalışmalarının yeri ve genel gereklilikleri anlatılmaktadır. Bilgisayar destekli tıbbi cihaz yönetimi, yeni alınan cihazların seçimi ve satın alma karar mekanizmaları, tıbbi cihaz kabul muayeneleri, kullanıcı eğitimleri, koruyucu bakımları, periyodik bakımları, performans test ve ölçümleri, güvenlik test ve ölçümleri, tıbbi cihaz kalibrasyonları, akreditasyon çalışmaları çerçevesinde ele alınmaktadır.

Beşinci bölümün başlığı ''Medikal Ölçümler İçin Metroloji'' ve yazarı Doç. Dr. Baki Karaböce. Bu bölümde, medikal metroloji alanında TÜBİTAK UME'de medikal cihazların kalibrasyon izlenebilirliğinin ve ölçüm güvenliğinin sağlanmasına yönelik kalibratör, analizör, simülatör ve fantomların kalibrasyonlarının gerçekleştirilmesi için kurulan altyapı ayrıntılı şekilde anlatılmaktadır. Ayrıca izlenebilirlik şemaları verilmiştir.

Altıncı bölümün başlığı ''Tıbbi Laboratuvarlar İçin Kalite Yönetmelikleri ve Akreditasyon Standartları'' ve yazarı Prof. Dr. Fikriye Uras. Bu bölümde tıbbi laboratuvarların akreditasyonu, ISO 15189 standartları ve standardizasyon konusunda yapılan son çalışmalar ele alınmıştır.

Yedinci bölümün başlığı ''Yeni Teknolojilerin ve Kalibrasyon Çalışmalarının Hasta Güvenliğine Etkisi'' ve yazarı Prof. Dr. Albert Güveniş. Bu bölümde tıp uygulamalarına son zamanlarda dahil edilen yapay zekâ, teletıp gibi yeni teknolojiler kalite kontrol ve hasta güvenliği açısından ele alınmaktadır

Son bölümün başlığı ''Tıbbi Laboratuvarlarda Ölçüm Belirsizliği ve Tanı-Tedavi Sonuçlarına Etkisi'' ve yazarları İbrahim Türk, Ayla Yıldız, Berrin Berçik İnal. Bu bölümde tıbbi metrolojide kullanılan terimler, hata ve belirsizlik modelleri, ölçüm belirsizliğini hesaplama yöntemleri ve mukayeseleri, kullanılan rehberler, tanı ve tedavideki uygulamalar ve ölçme belirsizliği raporlama şekilleri detaylı olarak anlatılmaktadır.

Kitabın tüm sağlık çalışanlarına yararlı olmasını temenni ediyorum.

Prof. Dr. Albert GÜVENİŞ
Editör
Health is the most important issue for our life. With the acceleration of scientific studies in the last century, medicine has moved towards a system based on evidence, quantitative values and measurement. The quality of medical services is strongly related to the accuracy and precision of the measurements. Errors and uncertainties in measurements cause misdiagnosis and wrong treatments. Therefore, the correct management of measuring devices and measurement protocols plays a vital role in medicine. Metrology is the name given to the science of measurement. Medical metrology is a complex system consisting of calibration devices, information, processes and standards. Publications on the application of medical metrology are scarce. The aim of this book is to fill this gap. Very important scientists and academicians working in this field have supported this project. I thank each and every one of them. I would also like to express my infinite gratitude to ''Türkiye Klinikleri'' which brought this project to life.

We aimed to make the book useful to a wide range of experts and professionals working in the field of health. We hope that a wide range of readers, from health care managers to physicians, from nurses to technicians, from clinical engineers to quality specialists, will benefit from this book.

In the preparation of the book, help was sought from academics and scientists who have worked in different fields and applications of medical metrology and have made international publications in those fields. The book consists of the following sections:

The title of the first chapter is ''Basic Principles of Medical Metrology'' and its author is Assoc. Dr. Mana Sezgi. In this section, expert personnel training, authorized organizations, types of medical devices, basics of testing, control and calibration measurements and regulations covering these activities are discussed.

The title of the second chapter is ''Phantoms in Medical Metrology'' and its authors are Dr. Tarik Karabey and Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ertuğrul. Materials that are designed appropriately for the evaluation and quality control tests of radiographic devices and replace real tissue are called phantoms. In this section, conductivity and permeability of tissues, dielectric properties, phantoms in imaging techniques and radiotherapy, classification of phantoms and design of phantoms are explained in detail.

The title of the third chapter is ''Healthcare Personnel's Sensitivity to Medical Device Calibration'' and its authors are Dr. Hafize Özdemir Alkanat, Dr. Mehmet Alkanat and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fadime Üstüner Top. In this section, the importance of calibration information and applications for medical devices used by healthcare personnel in terms of quality of care and efficiency of healthcare services is emphasized.

The title of the fourth chapter is ''Calibration Studies in Hospital Accreditation'' and its author is Prof. Dr. Yekta Ülgen. In this section, the place and general requirements of calibration studies in hospital accreditation are explained. Computer-aided medical device management, selection of newly purchased devices and purchasing decision mechanisms, medical device acceptance examinations, user trainings, preventive maintenance, periodic maintenance, performance tests and measurements, safety tests and measurements, medical device calibrations, accreditation studies are handled.

The title of the fifth chapter is ''Metrology for Medical Measurements'' and its author is Assoc. Professor Dr. Baki Karaböce. In this section, the infrastructure established at TUBITAK UME for the calibration of calibrators, analyzers, simulators and phantoms in order to ensure the calibration traceability and measurement safety of medical devices in the field of medical metrology is explained in detail. In addition, traceability schemes are given.

The title of the sixth chapter is ''Quality Regulations and Accreditation Standards for Medical Laboratories'' and its author is Prof. Dr. Fikriye Uras. In this section, the accreditation of medical laboratories, ISO 15189 standards and recent studies on standardization are discussed.

The title of the seventh chapter is ''The Effect of New Technologies and Calibration Studies on Patient Safety'' and its author is Prof. Dr. Albert Güveniş. In this section, new technologies such as artificial intelligence and telemedicine, which have recently been included in medical applications, are discussed in terms of quality control and patient safety.

The title of the last chapter is ''Measurement Uncertainty in Medical Laboratories and Its Effect on Diagnosis-Treatment Results'' and its authors are İbrahim Türk, Ayla Yıldız, Berrin Berçik İnal. In this section, terms used in medical metrology, error and uncertainty models, measurement uncertainty calculation methods and their comparison, guidelines, applications in diagnosis and treatment, and measurement uncertainty reporting methods are explained in detail.

I hope the book will be useful to all healthcare professionals.

Prof. Dr. Albert GÜVENİŞ
Editor

.: Up To Date



Login



Contact


Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com