Molecular Biology of Psychiatric Diseases

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Şefik GÜRAN
Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Gülhane Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Biyoloji ABD, Ankara, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Psikiyatrik durumların doğru tanı ve tedavisi için, hastalığın seyrinin altında yatan etiyolojik faktörlerin ortaya çıkarılması gerekmektedir. Son yıllarda psikiyatride hastalıkların nedeninin çevresel koşullar kadar organik farklılıklar olduğu inancı benimsenmiştir. Bu nedenle, hücre biyolojisi, moleküler genetik ve moleküler biyolojideki son gelişmeler, yalnızca çevresel etkileri değil aynı zamanda beyin yapısındaki biyolojik değişiklikleri de aydınlatmak için psikiyatriye uyarlanmıştır. Bu alanda, psikiyatrik hastalıklarda moleküler değişikliklerin rolünün belirlenmesi amacıyla tüm genom dizilimi gibi yeni teknikler kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu sayede insan beynindeki özel hücre tiplerinde DNA, RNA ve protein seviyelerinde önemli sayıda moleküler değişikliklere rastlanmaktadır. Bu değişikliklerin psikiyatrik hastalığın ilerlemesindeki rolü laboratuvar deneyleriyle aydınlatılmaya çalışılmaktadır. Hastalardan ölüm sonrası beyin dokularının toplanmasıyla kurulan beyin bankaları, hastalıklardaki değişikliklerin analiz edilmesine yardımcı oluyor. Araştırma alanında yeni radyolojik görüntüleme teknikleri benimsenmiş, şizofreni ve bipolar bozukluk gibi bazı psikiyatrik hastalıklarda beyinden değerli görüntüler elde edilmeye başlanmıştır. Hücre biyolojisinde ileri tekniklerle üç boyutlu hücre kültürü çalışmaları yapılmaya başlanmıştır. Kök hücre biyolojisinin daha iyi anlaşılması, bize üç boyutlu hücre kültürü koşulları altında model doku (örneğin insan serebellar dokusu) olarak organoid bir yapı elde etme fırsatını verdi. İlaç toksisitesi veya istenen diğer alanlar için bu organoidler üzerinde birçok test yapılabilir. Genetiği değiştirilmiş hayvanlar (örneğin şizofrenik bulgular gösteren mutant fareler) elde edilmiştir. Bu hayvanların deneysel çalışmalarda kullanılması daha iyi bir modele sahip olmamızın yolunu açmaktadır. Tüm bu bulgulara rağmen sosyal psikiyatri, klinik psikoloji ve sosyoloji gibi alanlar, ruhsal sıkıntının biyolojik olmayan parametrelerle açıklanabileceğini öne sürebilir. Organik taraftaki pek çok gözle görülür bulguya rağmen, sosyal psikiyatri tarafı hâlâ ruhsal bozuklukların test edilebilir biyolojik kanıtlarının bulunmadığına inanabilir. Ancak psikiyatrik hastalıklara yol açan biyolojik ve çevresel koşullar normalde birbirini dışlayan durumlar değildir. Bunlar topluca ele alınarak olaylar farklı açılardan anlaşılmaya çalışılabilir. Sonuç olarak, sinir sisteminin biyolojik fonksiyonuna odaklanılarak psikiyatrik hastalıklara yönelik daha iyi ilaç bazlı tedavilerin geliştirilmesi ve reçetelenmesi mümkün olabilir. Bu kitapta tüm bu parametreler farklı bölümlerde ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmaktadır.

Prof. Dr. Şefik GÜRAN
Editör
Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Gülhane Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Biyoloji ABD, Ankara, Türkiye
For accurate diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric conditions, it is necessary to reveal the etiological factors underlying the progression of the disease. In recent years, the belief that organic differences as well as environmental conditions are the causes of diseases has been adopted in psychiatry. Thus, recent advances in cell biology, molecular genetics, and molecular biology have been adapted to psychiatry to elucidate not only environmental influences but also biological changes in brain structure. In this field, new techniques including whole genome sequencing have begun to be used to find the role of molecular changes in psychiatric diseases. In this way, a significant number of molecular changes are found at the DNA, RNA and protein levels in special cell types in the human brain. The role of these changes in the progression of psychiatric disease is being tried to be elucidated in laboratory experiments. Brain banks established by collecting post-mortem brain tissues from patients help analyze changes in diseases. New radiological imaging techniques have been adopted in the field of research, and valuable images have begun to be obtained from the brain in some psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. Three-dimensional cell culture studies have been initiated with advanced techniques in cell biology. A better understanding of stem cell biology has given us the opportunity to obtain an organoid structure as a model tissue (e.g. human cerebellar tissue) under three-dimensional cell culture conditions. Many tests can be performed on these organoids for drug toxicity or other desired areas. Genetically modified animals (e.g. mutant mice showing schizophrenic findings) have been obtained. The use of these animals in experimental studies are given the way for us to have a better model. Despite all these findings, fields such as social psychiatry, clinical psychology and sociology may assert the explanation of mental distress with non-biological parameters. Despite many visible findings on the organic side, the social psychiatry side may still believe that there is no testable biological evidence of mental disorders. However, the biological and environmental conditions that lead to psychiatric diseases are not normally mutually exclusive. By considering these collectively, events can be tried to be understood from different perspectives. Consequently, by focusing on the biological function of the nervous system, it may be possible to develop and prescribe better drug-based treatments for psychiatric diseases. In this book, all these parameters are discussed in detail in different chapters.

Prof. Dr. Şefik GÜRAN
Editor
University of Health Sciences Gülhane Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Ankara, Türkiye

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