Single Ventricular Physiology and Fontan Palliation

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Canan AYABAKAN
Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Çocuk Kardiyolojisi BD, İstanbul, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Tek ventrikül fizyolojisi, doğuştan kalp hastalıkları içinde en zorlu gruplardan birini oluşturmaktadır. Çoğu zaman kalbin iki ayrı ventrikülü olsa da bunlardan sadece biri sistemik dolaşımı sürdürebilecek kapasitedir. Fonksiyonel tek ventrikül fizyolojisi olarak tanımlanan bu durum; hipoplastik sol kalp sendromu, triküspit atrezisi, çift girişli sol ventrikül ve dengesiz atriyoventriküler septal defekt gibi farklı ve karmaşık anomalileri içinde barındırır. Yüksek riskli bu anomaliler için geliştirilmiş ilk palyatif girişimlerden, günümüzdeki gelişmiş cerrahi ve girişimsel tekniklere uzanan tarihsel süreç, pediatrik kardiyoloji ve kalp cerrahisinin yaratıcı gücünü, bilimsel ilerlemedeki kararlılığı ve disiplinler arası iş birliğinin önemini gözler önüne sermektedir.

Fontan prosedürü ilk olarak 1971 yılında, Fransa'nın Bordeaux şehrinden Dr. Francis Fontan tarafından tanımlanmış, ülkemizde ilk başarılı Fontan tipi ameliyat ise 1980 yılında Björk modifikasyonu olarak, Hacettepe Üniversitesi'nde Dr. Coşkun İkizler tarafından uygulanmıştır. Bu yaklaşım; paralel dolaşımı seri bir konfigürasyona kademeli olarak dönüştürerek tek ventrikülün yükünü hafifletmeyi ve sistemik venöz dönüşü subpulmoner bir pompa olmaksızın pulmoner arterlere yönlendirmeyi amaçlar. Henüz ideal bir tedavi yöntemi olmasa da doğuştan kalp hastalıklarının en karmaşıklarına, kalp cerrahisinin en büyük meydan okumasıdır.

Fontan palyasyonu, yalnızca cerrahi bir yöntem değil, başlı başına bir hemodinamik ve klinik paradigma hâline gelmiştir. Bu nedenle günümüzde hedef; yalnızca cerrahi başarıyı sağlamak değil, aynı zamanda bu özel fizyolojiyi uzun dönemde sürdürülebilir kılmak, komplikasyonları öngörmek ve hastaların yaşam kalitesini artırmaktır.

Son yıllarda gelişen ileri görüntüleme teknikleri, girişimsel yaklaşımlar, karaciğer ve lenfatik sistem değerlendirmeleri, egzersiz ve yaşam kalitesi araştırmaları, Fontan hastalarının izlemini bambaşka bir boyuta taşımıştır. Bu da, tek ventrikül fizyolojisine sahip bireylerin çocukluktan erişkin yaşlara uzanan yaşam yolculuklarında sadece kardiyolog ve cerrahların değil, hepatolog, radyolog ve yoğun bakım uzmanlarının da dahil olduğu multidisipliner ekiplerin ortak çabasıyla izlenmesi gereğini vurgulamaktadır.

Bu kitap, tek ventrikül fizyolojisi ve Fontan palyasyonuna embriyolojiden morfolojiye, fizyolojiden klinik uygulamalara, kısa dönem yönetiminden uzun dönem takibine uzanan geniş bir perspektiften ışık tutmayı amaçlamaktadır. Amacımız, yalnızca mevcut bilgileri derlemek değil, aynı zamanda konuyla ilgilenen hekimler ve araştırmacılar için ilham verici bir kaynak sunmak; yeni soruların sorulmasına ve geleceğin tedavi stratejilerinin şekillenmesine katkıda bulunmaktır.

Bu kitabın hazırlanmasına değerli katkılarını sunan tüm yazarlara teşekkür ediyorum. Okurlar için bu kitabın hem klinik kararlarında yol gösterici, hem de mesleki yolculuklarında motive edici olmasını diliyorum.

Prof. Dr. Canan AYABAKAN
Editör
Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Çocuk Kardiyolojisi BD, İstanbul, Türkiye
Single ventricle physiology represents one of the most challenging groups within congenital heart diseases. In most cases, although the heart has two ventricles, only one is capable of sustaining the systemic circulation. This condition, defined as functional single ventricle physiology, encompasses a wide spectrum of complex anomalies such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome, tricuspid atresia, double-inlet left ventricle, and unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect. The historical journey from the earliest palliative interventions to today's advanced surgical and interventional techniques highlights the creativity of pediatric cardiology and cardiac surgery, the determination driving scientific progress, and the essential role of interdisciplinary collaboration.

The Fontan procedure was first described in 1971 in Bordeaux, France, by Dr. Francis Fontan. In Türkiye, the first successful Fontan-type surgery was performed in 1980 at Hacettepe University by Dr. Coşkun İkizler using the Björk modification. Fontan procedure aims to gradually transform the parallel circulation into a serial configuration, thereby unloading the single ventricle and directing systemic venous return to the pulmonary arteries without the assistance of a subpulmonary pump. Although not an ideal or definitive cure, it remains one of the greatest challenges of cardiac surgery for the most complex congenital heart anomalies.

Fontan palliation has become not merely a surgical procedure but a distinct hemodynamic and clinical paradigm. Therefore, the current goal extends beyond surgical success to ensuring the long-term sustainability of this unique physiology, anticipating complications, and improving patients' quality of life.

In recent years, advances in imaging modalities, interventional approaches, hepatic and lymphatic system assessment, as well as research on exercise and quality of life, have profoundly reshaped the follow-up of Fontan patients. This underscores the necessity of multidisciplinary care involving not only cardiologists and surgeons but also hepatologists, radiologists, and intensive care specialists throughout the lifelong journey of individuals with single ventricle physiology.

This book aims to shed light on single ventricle physiology and Fontan palliation from a broad perspective, ranging from embryology to morphology, from physiology to clinical practice, and from short-term management to long-term follow-up. Our intention is not only to compile the current knowledge but also to provide an inspiring resource for physicians and researchers, encouraging new questions and contributing to the development of future treatment strategies.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all the authors who contributed to the preparation of this book. I hope that it will serve as a guide in clinical decision-making and as a source of motivation in the professional journey of its readers.

Prof. Dr. Canan AYABAKAN
Editor
Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, İstanbul, Türkiye

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