Geriatric Oncology

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Ahmet Turan IŞIKa, Prof. Dr. Aziz KARAOĞLUb
aDokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Geriatri BD, Yaşlanan Beyin ve Demans Ünitesi, İzmir, Türkiye
bDokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Onkoloji Enstitüsü, Klinik Onkoloji ABD, İzmir, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
Beklenen yaşam süresinde artışla birlikte nüfusun yaşlanması, ülkemizde ve tüm dünyada medikososyoekonomik bakış açılarının değiştirilmesini zorunlu hâle getirmiştir. Bu durum Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) tarafından 'Gri Tsunami' olarak nitelendirilmektedir. İlerleyen yaşla birlikte birçok komorbid hastalığın sıklığı artmaktadır. Bu komorbid durumlardan birisi olan kanser her yaşta görülebilirken, özellikle geriatrik olgularda daha sık görülmektedir. Kanser tanısı alan olguların yaklaşık %60'ı ve kanserden ölümlerin %70'i 65 yaş ve üstü olgularda meydana gelmektedir. Türkiye'de de batılı toplumlara benzer şekilde genel yaşam süresinin artmasıyla beraber popülasyonumuz yaşlanıyor. Türkiye'de 65 yaş üstü insan sayısının 2050 yılında 19.484.830'a ulaşacağı tahmin edilmektedir. Son yıllarda toplumumuzdaki sağlık anlayışının değiştiği, sağlık kurumlarına başvuruların artış gösterdiği de göz önüne alınırsa; önümüzdeki yıllarda geriatri ve onkoloji kliniklerine başvuran yaşlı hasta sayısının artması kaçınılmaz görünmektedir.

Yaşlılık döneminin başlangıcını DSÖ 65 yaş üstü olarak kabul etmekte ve 85 yaş ve üzerini çok yaşlı olarak tanımlamaktadır. Fakat geriatrik onkoloji alanında; yaşlı kanser olguları için önemli fizyolojik değişimleri ve tümöral süreçleri ifade edecek yaşlılık sınırı biraz daha fazla ve 70 yaş olarak kabul edilmektedir.

Yaşlı olgulardaki kanserlerin yönetimi özellik arz etmektedir. Yaşlı kanser hastaları optimal uygulanacak tedavilerden genç olgulardakine benzer şekilde yarar görmektedir. Fakat yaşlanma sürecindeki fizyolojik değişikler, eşlik eden hastalıklar, polifarmasi gibi sorunlar kanser tedavisine bağlı toksisite riskini, morbidite ve mortaliteyi artırmaktadır. Bu olgularda sağkalım parametrelerini olumsuz etkileyen aşırı-tedavi veya yetersiz-tedaviden kaçınılabilmesi için tümör biyolojisi yanında, hastanın işlevsel kapasitesinin de değerlendirilmesi gereklidir. Kronolojik yaşın bu konuda tek başına belirleyici bir unsur olmadığı, başta geriatrik sendromlar ve özellikle kırılganlık olmak üzere komorbid durumların yönetiminin de önemli olduğu unutulmamalıdır. Bu nedenle bu olguların tedavi planlamasında onkolojik ilkeler kadar geriatri pratiğinin temel ilkelerinin de karar süreçlerine eklemlenmesi önem kazanmaktadır. Bu nedenle multidisipliner onkoloji ekiplerinde geriatri uzmanları da mutlaka bulunması gerekmektedir.

Dünyada ''Geriatrik Onkoloji'' kavramı 1981 yılında ABD'de National Cancer Institute (NCI) ve National Institute on Aging (NIA) sponsorluğu ile geriatristler, gerontologlar ve onkologların katılımıyla gerçekleştirilen sempozyum sonrası ortaya çıkmıştır. Yaşlı kanser hastalarının tedavilerindeki sorunlar ve nedenlerinin tartışıldığı ve temel sorunlardan birisi olan bilimsel çalışmalarda yaşlı olguların daha çok yer alması gerektiğine dikkat çeken sempozyum sonrası bu konuya ilgi artmıştır. 2000 yılında International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) kurulması ile de geriatrik onkoloji kavramı küresel ölçekte gelişme ve genişleme olanağı bulmuştur. Türkiye'de de ''Geriatrik Onkoloji Derneği (GOD)'' bu alandaki ilk meslek derneği olarak; geriatrik onkoloji alanındaki gelişmeleri yakından takip etmek, bilgi birikimi ve deneyimlerin paylaşıldığı bir platform oluşturmak ve yaşlı kanser hastalarının tüm sorunları ile ilgilenmek amacıyla 2013 yılında kurulmuştur. GOD sempozyum, kongre gibi bilimsel toplantılar yanında COVID-19 sürecinde olduğu gibi yaşlı kanser hastalarına yaşamsal öneriler getiren basın toplantıları ile ülkemizde geriatrik onkolojinin gelişmesi için çalışmaktadır. Geriatri uzmanlık derneği olan ''Geriatrik Bilimler Derneği'' de gerçekleştirmiş olduğu sempozyum ve panellerinde geriatrik onkoloji konu ve sorunlarına programlarında geniş yer ayırarak ülkemizde Geriatrik Onkoloji'nin gelişmesinde öncü rol oynamaktadır.

Türkiye Klinikleri'nin bu kitabında, geriatrik onkoloji alanındaki temel kavramlar, hasta yönetimi ve geriatrik onkolojinin çeşitli sorunları ülkemizin öncü bilim insanlarının deneyimleri ışığında irdelenmiştir. Geriatrik onkoloji ve geriatri ile ilgilenen tüm meslektaşlarımıza yararlı olması dileklerimiz ve saygılarımızla...

Prof. Dr. Ahmet Turan IŞIK
Editör

Prof. Dr. Aziz KARAOĞLU
Editör
Aging of the population with the increase in life expectancy has made it mandatory to change the medico-socioeconomic perspective in Turkey and the whole world. This situation is described as the ''gray tsunami'' by the World Health Organization (WHO). With advanced age, the frequency of many comorbid diseases increases. One of these comorbid situations is cancer; though it may be seen at any age, it is more frequent in geriatric cases, especially. Nearly 60% of cases with cancer diagnosis and 70% of deaths due to cancer occur in cases aged 65 years and older. Similar to western societies, our population is aging with the increase in general life expectancy in Turkey. It is estimated that the number of people aged over 65 years in Turkey will reach 19,484,830 in 2050. In recent years, the health understanding in our society has changed and considering the increase in attendance at health facilities, it appears unavoidable that there will be an increase in elderly patients attending geriatric and oncology clinics in future years.

The WHO accepts 65 years as the beginning of the elderly period and those aged 85 years and older are defined as very elderly. However, in the field of geriatric oncology, the geriatric limit is a little higher representing significant physiological changes and tumoral processes in elderly cancer cases and is accepted as 70 years.

Management of cancer in elderly cases involves specific features. Elderly cancer patients may not see benefits from optimally applied treatments similar to young cases. However, problems like physiological changes in the aging process, comorbid diseases and polypharmacy may increase the toxicity risk, morbidity and mortality linked to cancer treatment. In these cases, to avoid over-treatment or inadequate treatment, which negatively affect survival parameters, it is necessary to assess the patient's functional capacity in addition to tumor biology. Chronological age is not a determinant element on its own for this topic, it should not be forgotten that management of comorbid situations led by geriatric syndromes and especially fragility is important. As a result, in treatment planning for these cases, addition of basic principles of geriatric practice, as much as oncological principles, to the decision making process gains importance. Hence, it is necessary to definitely include geriatric experts in multidisciplinary oncology teams.

Globally, the concept of ''geriatric oncology'' was first defined in 1981 in the USA after a symposium attended by geriatrists, gerontologists and oncologists sponsored by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and National Institute on Aging (NIA). After the symposium which discussed problems and reasons for treatment of elderly cancer patients and attracted attention to one of the basic problems of the need to include more elderly cases in scientific studies, interest in the topic increased. In 2000, the International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) was founded and the concept of geriatric oncology had the opportunity to develop and expand on a global scale. In Turkey, the Geriatric Oncology Association [Geriatrik Onkoloji Derneği (GOD)] is the first professional society in this area and was founded in 2013 to closely monitor developments in the field of geriatric oncology, to create a platform to accumulate knowledge and share experiences and to pay attention to all problems of elderly cancer patients. In addition to GOD holding scientific meetings like symposium and congresses, it attempts to develop geriatric oncology in our country with press conferences providing vital recommendations for elderly cancer patients, as during the COVID-19 pandemic. Symposium and panels held with the 'Geriatric Sciences Association', the association about the geriatric specialization, have allotted broad time to the topic and problems of geriatric oncology in programs and played a pioneering role in development of geriatric oncology in our country.

This book of Türkiye Klinikleri investigates the basic concepts in the field of geriatric oncology, patient management and a variety of problems in geriatric oncology in light of the experiences of leading scientists in our country. With our respect, we hope this will benefit all our colleagues interested in geriatric oncology and geriatrics...

Prof. Dr. Ahmet Turan IŞIK
Editor

Prof. Dr. Aziz KARAOĞLU
Editor

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