COVID - 19 Pathology

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Çiğdem ÇELİKEL
Marmara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıbbi Patoloji ABD, İstanbul, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
2020 yılı, ne yazık ki, COVID-19'un sağlık sistemi, sosyal yaşam ve dünya ekonomisi üzerinde oluşturduğu olumsuzlukların yaşandığı bir yıl olarak tarih sayfalarında yerini almak üzere. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) verilerine göre, bu kitabın hazırlandığı Aralık 2020'de, 220'den fazla ülkede, 66.598.716 COVID-19 tanısı alan kişi arasında hayatını kaybedenlerin sayısı 1.530.650. Günümüzde etkisini bütün hızıyla devam ettirmekte olan COVID-19'un, aşı seçeneklerinin oluşması sonrasında bile, 2021 yılında nasıl seyredeceğini ön görebilmek oldukça güç.

31 Aralık 2019 tarihinde Çin'in Hubei bölgesinde yer alan Wuhan kentinde, etkeni belirlenemeyen pnömoni olgularının varlığı konusunda, DSÖ'nün bilgilendirilmesi; 9 Ocak 2020 tarihinde, Çin Enfeksiyon Kontrolü ve Önleme Merkezi (China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC)'nde, hastalığın etkeninin koronavirüs (2019- nCoV) olarak açıklanması ve sonrasında koronavirüs ailesine ait bu yeni koronavirüsün SARS-CoV-2 ('Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2') ve etkeni olduğu enfeksiyonun COVID-19 olarak adlandırılması; Çin'den diğer Uzak Doğu ülkelerine, sonrasında sırasıyla Avrupa, Amerika olmak üzere tüm dünyaya SARS-CoV2'nin yayılması ile birlikte 11 Mart 2020 tarihinde DSÖ'nün COVID-19'u pandemi ilan etmesi; 2020 yılında yaşanan süreçteki kayda geçen aşamalar olarak belirtilebilir.

Ancak, COVID-19 hastalığının başlangıç aşaması dâhil, hâlen etken ve enfeksiyon ile ilgili çok sayıda bilinmezliğin devam ettiğini belirtmek yanlış olmayacaktır. Literatüre bakıldığı zaman, COVID-19 ile ilişkili PubMed taramalarında 80 bine yakın makale olmasına karşın, etkenin özellikleri, bulaş yolları, klinik yansımaları, etki mekanizmalarına yönelik çok sayıda soru işaretlerinin devam ettiğini, öngörülerin büyük kısmının netleştirilemediğini görebiliyoruz.

Patoloji bilimi kapsamında yer alan SARS-CoV-2'nin oluşturduğu doku hasarının patogenezi, histomorfolojik yansımaları, tanısal yaklaşım açısından morfolojik veriler, ölümle sonuçlanan COVID-19 hastalarındaki postmortem biyopsi ile az sayıda otopsi çalışma sonuçları ile sınırlı ve hastalık seyrinde görülen süreçte (hipoksi, sepsis, kardiyolojik problemler gibi) morfolojiyi komplike hâle getiren faktörlerle ön plana çıkıyor, sonuçta doku hasarını yorumlamamızı zorlaştırıyor. Doku hasarının direkt virüs etkisi ve/veya hastalık sürecindeki sitokin fırtınasına yol açan kontrolsüz immün yanıta mı bağlı olarak geliştiği konusu, literatürde en çok tartışılan öncelikli konulardan bir tanesidir. COVID-19'da, solunum yollarının ağırlıklı olarak etkilendiği açık, ancak diğer organ sistemlerinde de morfolojik hasar saptanabildiğine dair güncel literatürde çok sayıda yeni yayına tanık oluyoruz.

Bu gözlemler ışığında kapsamını belirlediğimiz ve Türkiye Klinikleri adına hazırlamış olduğumuz 'COVID-19 Patolojisi' konulu bu kitapta sizlere, ilgili konulardaki yazılarını paylaşan patolog arkadaşlarımla birlikte, literatür verilerini derlediğimiz ve kendi gözlemlerimiz/yaklaşımlarımızla özetlemeye çalıştığımız konuların, bu bilinmezlikler arasında sizlere yol göstereceğine inanıyoruz. COVID-19 patolojisi konusundaki bilgilerimizin zamanla aşama kaydedeceğini ve bu kitapta yansıtılan belirsizliklerin rutin uygulamalarımızdaki gözlemlerimiz ve yapılacak çalışmalarla netleşeceğini düşünüyoruz.

Prof. Dr. Çiğdem ÇELİKEL
Editör
Unfortunately, the year 2020 will take its place in history books as a year of COVID19 pandemic that challenged the world and posed a great threat to healthcare system, social life and global economic security, most importantly to human lives. As of the beginning of December 2020, there were 66,598,716 confirmed COVID-19 cases and 1,530,650 COVID-19 related deaths, globally. This pandemic has spread to more than 220 countries, areas, or territories across the World. Although, vaccine options for SARS-CoV-2 are on the agenda in near future, it is not possible from now, to predict how the pandemic will develop in 2021.

The specific data concerning COVID-19 varies significantly according to different reports, but the main points in the course of recorded events can be briefly summarized. On December 31, the Chinese authorities alerted the World Health Organization (WHO) of the cases with 'pneumonia of unknown etiology' in Wuhan, Hubei province, central China and on January 9, a novel coronavirus was officially announced to be the cause of the outbreak by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC). Although the novel virus was initially called the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), WHO subsequently changed the name to SARS-CoV-2 due to its vast resemblance to SARS-CoV and named the disease as COVID-19. After the outbreak in China, SARS-CoV-2 spread initially to East Asia, than to Europe and America. By January 30, WHO announced a global health emergency and on March 11,2020 COVID19 was declared as pandemic.

It is not wrong to say that, there still exists many contraversies concerning the virus (SARS-CoV-2) and infection (COVID-19). Despite the pooled data in the literature on COVID-19, reaching up to 80 thousand publications in PubMed search database, many questions related to the characteristics of the agent, the transmission routes, clinical aspects, and mechanisms underlying the disease process still remains either not answered or not clarified.

In the scope of pathology, pathogenesis of the tissue injury and its morphological consequences, as well as the histomorphological features for the specific tissue diagnosis are not clear and data is only limited to postmortem biopsies and autopsy studies of fatal COVID-19 cases. Besides, morphological changes can not be directly linked to SARS-CoV-2 because they are all confounded by additional factors (hypoxia, sepsis, cardiologic problems etc.) and this fact leads to a confusion in the evaluation of the tissue injury and underlying mechanism. There are reports suggesting that COVID-19 tissue injury may involve the role of the virus itself and/or the role of virus-induced systemic infammation in the course of cytokine storm, a well established aspect of COVID-19 cases with poor prognosis. The main thing that we all know clearly by now is that SARS-CoV-2 primary effects respiratory system. But, according to the newly published literature there are also evidence for the involvement of other organ systems. In the light of these observations, the scope of the 'COVID-19 Pathology' book of Türkiye Klinikleri has been determined. With pathologist colleagues, who contributed to this book, we tried to review the compiling literature data, discussed our own approach to the updated information, and shared our personal observations in each individual topic. We believe that COVID-19 pathology issue will guide you through all of these unknowns regarding the SARS-CoV-2 related tissue injury. Besides, we think that our knowledge of COVID-19 pathology will progress over time, uncertainties reflected in this journal will become clear with the aid of our observations in the routine practice and with future researchs.

Prof. Dr. Çiğdem ÇELİKEL
Editor

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