Personality or Disorder? Personality Disorders

.: PREFACE
PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pervin TUNÇ
İstinye University Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, İstanbul, Türkiye
Article Language: EN
The symptoms of personality disorders are pervasive and enduring, often persisting throughout a lifetime and across generations. In the past, individuals with personality disorders were perceived as less deserving of mental health care due to their manipulative and attention-seeking behaviors. Furthermore, personality disorders were long stigmatized as untreatable and misleadingly equated with dangerousness. Today, when we focus on mental health services, we observe that clinicians often lack sufficient training or resources regarding personality disorders, or perhaps for these reasons, they may be reluctant to work in this field.

On the other hand, when we examine the prevalence and increasing rates of personality disorders in societies, there are estimates suggesting a rising trend. For instance, it has been found that approximately one in ten people in the United States meets the criteria for a personality disorder. Additionally, nearly half of those receiving mental health treatment exhibit impairments in personality functioning severe enough to warrant a personality disorder diagnosis. Although not yet fully documented through empirical findings, clinical practice clearly reveals an increasing number of children, adolescents, and adults presenting with personality disorder symptoms. It is also striking that increasingly severe cases are being encountered in clinical settings. This raises the question: Are we facing a mental health epidemic? If clinical, sociocultural, and political indicators are correct, we may be entering an unprecedented period of individual and societal pathology associated with personality disorders.

With the depletion of social resources, more families are experiencing challenging economic conditions and poverty. Consequently, the instability of family structures and child care may increase the likelihood of a personality disorder epidemic. Individuals who lack or are entirely deprived of supportive social networks-such as family, friends, schools, and social institutions-are at a higher risk of developing personality disorders, feeling rootless, aimless, and adrift. This is especially true for already marginalized groups due to socioeconomic disadvantages. Therefore, we must acknowledge that we are facing the societal, individual, and clinical consequences of personality disorders and urgently reorganize preventive and therapeutic mental health services.

In recent years, numerous clinical interventions and studies have demonstrated that individuals diagnosed with personality disorders can benefit from mental health treatments. Advances in theories explaining personality development, a greater understanding of psychopathology, and accumulated clinical experience have led to significant progress in new treatment methods for those suffering from personality disorders. However, making cost-effective treatment modalities accessible to everyone remains a significant challenge.

Guided by psychodynamic theory, this book embarks on a journey into the depths of personality disorders. It explores the origins and manifestations of these disorders by examining how early life experiences, unconscious conflicts, and defense mechanisms contribute to the development and persistence of maladaptive behavior patterns. Furthermore, by fostering a deep and empathetic understanding of the inner worlds of individuals with personality disorders, this book aims to encourage more effective and compassionate care.

We hope this book serves as a valuable resource for clinicians, inspires further research, and illuminates the path to healing and transformation. Additionally, we wish for it to be a meaningful contribution to supporting the healthy personality development of children and promoting a better societal system.

I sincerely thank my dear colleagues who contributed to this book for their efforts and dedication.

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pervin TUNÇ
Editor
İstinye University Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, İstanbul, Türkiye
Kişilik bozukluklarının belirtileri yaygın ve kalıcı olup, hayat boyu ve nesiller boyunca sürebilir. Geçmiş yıllarda, manüplatif ve ilgi çekmeye yönelik davranışları nedeniyle ruhsal bakımı daha az hak eden kişiler olarak görülmüşlerdir. Bununla birlikte, uzun yıllar kişilik bozuklukları tedavi edilemez olarak damgalanmış ve yanıltıcı bir şekilde tehlikeli olmakla eşanlamlı olarak tanımlanmıştır. Günümüzde ruh sağlığı hizmetlerine odaklandığımızda ise, kişilik bozuklukları konusunda klinisyenlerin yeterince eğitim veya kaynaklara sahip olmadıkları ya da belki de bu nedenler ile bu alanda çalışma konusunda isteksiz oldukları gözlenmektedir.

Öte yandan kişilik bozukluklarının toplumlarda yaygınlık ve artış oranlarına baktığımızda, yaygınlık oranlarının giderek arttığına dair tahminler söz konusudur. Örneğin, ABD'de yaklaşık 10 kişiden birinin kişilik bozukluğu kriterlerini karşıladığı bulunmuştur. Ruhsal tedavi görenlerin yaklaşık yarısının, kişilik bozukluğu teşhisini gerektirecek kadar kişilik işleyişinde bozulma olduğu bulgusu da vurgulanmaktadır. Her ne kadar ampirik bulgularla belgelenmemiş olsa da klinik pratikte açıkça görülen şey, kişilik bozukluğu belirtileriyle tedaviye başlayan çocuk, ergen ve yetişkin sayısının giderek artmasıdır. Klinik ortamlarda giderek daha ciddi vakalarla karşılaşıldığı da çarpıcı bir olgudur. Buradan yola çıkarak; ruh sağlığı alanında bir salgından bahsetmek mümkün mü acaba sorusu akla gelmektedir. Klinik, sosyokültürel ve politik göstergeler doğruysa, kişilik bozuklukları ile ilişkili eşi benzeri görülmemiş bireysel ve toplumsal patoloji dönemine giriyor olabiliriz.

Toplumsal kaynakların giderek azalması ile daha fazla ailenin daha zorlu ekonomik koşullara ve yoksulluğa maruz kaldığı gözlenmektedir. Bağlantılı olarak ailenin ve çocukların bakımının istikrarsızlaşmasıyla birlikte, kişilik bozukluklarında bir salgın yaşanması ihtimali çok da uzak görünmemektedir. Destekleyici ağlarda (aile, arkadaşlar, okul, sosyal kurumlar) yeterince var olamayan ya da bütünüyle mahrum kalan, amaçsız, köksüz, savrulmuş insanların kişilik bozukluklarına yakalanma riskinin daha yüksek olduğu söylenebilir. Bu durum, özellikle sosyo-ekonomik dezavantajları nedeniyle zaten dışlanmış gruplar için daha fazla geçerli olabilir. Kişilik bozukluklarının toplumsal, bireysel ve klinik sonuçları ile karşı karşıya olduğumuzu kabullenerek, acilen koruyucu ve tedavi edici ruh sağlığı hizmetlerini yeniden organize etmeliyiz.

Son yıllarda, pek çok klinik müdahale ve araştırma sonucunda kişilik bozukluğu tanısı alanların ruhsal tedavilerden yararlanabileceği gösterilmiştir. Kişilik gelişimini açıklayan teorilerin gelişmesi, psikopatolojinin daha fazla anlaşılır hâle gelmesi ve klinik deneyimler sayesinde, kişilik bozukluklarından muzdarip olanlar için yeni tedavi yöntemlerinde büyük ilerlemeler kaydedilmiştir. Ancak uygun maliyetli tedavi biçimlerinin herkes için ulaşılabilir hâle gelmesi hâlâ bir zorluktur.

Bu kitap; psikodinamik kuramın rehberliğinde, kişilik bozukluklarının derinliklerine doğru bir yolculuğa çıkmaktadır. Erken yaşam deneyimlerinin, bilinçdışı çatışmaların ve savunma mekanizmalarının uyumsuz davranış kalıplarının gelişimine ve kalıcılığına nasıl katkıda bulunduğuna odaklanarak, bu bozuklukların kökenlerini ve nasıl ortaya çıktığını araştırmaktadır. Bununla birlikte kişilik bozukluğu gösteren bireylerin, iç dünyasına dair derin ve empatik bir bakış geliştirerek, daha etkili ve şefkatli bakımı teşvik etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Bu kitabın, klinisyenlere yararlı bir kaynak olmasını, daha derin araştırmalara ilham vermesini, iyileşme ve dönüşüme giden yolu aydınlatmasını umuyoruz. Aynı zamanda, bu kitabın çocukların sağlıklı kişilik gelişimini destekleyen ve daha iyi bir toplumsal sistemi teşvik eden değerli bir kaynak olmasını diliyorum.

Bu kitaba katkıda bulunan değerli meslektaşlarıma emekleri için çok teşekkür ediyorum.

Doç. Dr. Pervin TUNÇ
Editör
İstinye Üniversitesi İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye

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