Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Problems with the Quality of Root Canal Treatment Performed by Undergraduate Students on Single-Rooted Teeth
Diş Hekimliği Öğrencilerinin Tek Köklü Dişlerde Uyguladıkları Kök Kanal Tedavileriyle İlgili Problemler
Sema SÖNMEZ KAPLANa, Tuna KAPLANa, Güzide P. SEZGİNa
aBiruni University Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, İstanbul, TURKEY
Turkiye Klinikleri J Dental Sci. 2020;26(2):187-94
doi: 10.5336/dentalsci.2019-66126
Article Language: EN
Full Text
ABSTRACT
Objective: This study aims to analyze the radiographic quality of root canal fillings performed by fourth year dental undergraduate students in the Biruni University Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul, Turkey. Material and Methods: Endodontic records from 505 completed endodontic therapies performed on 337 patients by dentistry students with the same pre-clinical education between 2017 and 2018 were examined. Four variables were analyzed: the length of the root canal filling, the density of the root canal filling, the amount of taper and the cutting level of excess gutta-percha. Iatrogenic errors, including ledges, perforations and fractured instruments were also documented. The samples were defined as 'optimum' radiographically, if the obturation material ends 0-2 mm short of the radiological apex with adequate taper, no voids visible and the cutting level of excess gutta-percha is 1 mm below the cementoenamel junction with no iatrogenic error. Radiographs were examined by two experienced endodontists. A chi-square test was used to determine statistical significance between different parameters. Results: There was no significant difference between all examined anterior (27%) and premolar (23%) teeth while there was a statistically significant difference between the 'optimum' root canal fillings on maxilla (27.7%) and mandible (18.1%) (p=0.018). Conclusion: Upon consideration of many criteria, the 'optimum' cases we defined were found to be low compared to other studies. Therefore, more studies are required, considering multiple criteria.

Keywords: Dental students; education; radiography; root canal obturation
ÖZET
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Biruni Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, 4. sınıf öğrencileri tarafından uygulanmış kök kanal dolumlarının radyografik kalitesini değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Aynı endodonti preklinik eğitimini tamamlamış diş hekimliği öğrencilerinin, 2017-2018 yıllarında endodonti kliniğinde 337 hastada uyguladığı, 505 adet tamamlanmış endodontik tedavi kayıtları değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, kök kanal dolumu uzunluğu ve homojenitesi, preperasyon açısı miktarı ve kuronal bölümdeki fazla gütaperkanın kesim seviyesi olmak üzere dört farklı değişken incelenmiştir. Aynı zamanda, basamak, perforasyon ve alet kırığı gibi iyatrojenik hatalar da kayıt edilmiştir. Örneklerden, obturasyon uzunluğu radyolojik apeksin 0-2 mm gerisinde olan, preparasyon açısı yeterli ve kanal dolumunda boşluk görülmeyen, koronal bölümdeki fazla gütaperkanın kesim seviyesi uygun olan ve iyatrojenik hata içermeyenler radyografik olarak 'ideal' kök kanal dolumu şeklinde nitelendirilmiştir. Radyografiler iki tecrübeli endodontist tarafından incelenmiştir. Farklı parametreler arasındaki istatistiksel anlamlılık Kikare testi ile analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular: 'İdeal' olarak tanımlanan örnekler incelendiğinde, anterior (%27) ve premolar (%23) dişler arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık tespit edilememiştir. Buna karşın, üst çene (%27,7) ve alt çenedeki (%18,1) 'ideal' olarak tanımlanan dişler arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmuştur (p=0,018). Sonuç: Tüm değerlendirmelerin doğrultusunda, 'ideal' olarak tanımladığımız vakaların yapılmış benzer çalışmalara kıyasla daha az olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu sebeple, endodontik tedavinin kalitesini değerlendirmede daha fazla parametrenin göz önünde bulundurulduğu ileri çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Diş hekimliği öğrencileri; eğitim; radyografi; kök kanalını tıkama
REFERENCES:
  1. Sjogren U, Hagglund B, Sundqvist G, Wing K. Factors affecting the long-term results of endodontic treatment. J Endod. 1990;16(10):498-504. [Crossref] 
  2. Smith CS, Setchell DJ, Harty FJ. Factors influencing the success of conventional root canal therapy--a five-year retrospective study. Int Endod J. 1993;26(6):321-33. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  3. Strindberg LZ. The dependence of the results of pulp therapy on certain factors. Acta Odontol Scand. 1956;14:1-174.
  4. Grahnén H, Hansson L. The prognosis of pulp and root canal therapy. A clinical and radiographic follow-up examination. Odontol Revy. 1961;12:146-65.
  5. 5. Ingle JI, Taintor JF. Endodontics. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger; 1985. p.881.
  6. Gilbert GH, Tilashalski KR, Litaker MS, McNeal SF, Boykin MJ, Kessler AW. Outcomes of root canal treatment in dental practice-based research network practices. Gen Dent. 2010;58(1):28-36.
  7. Ng YL, Mann V, Gulabivala K. Tooth survival following non-surgical root canal treatment: a systematic review of the literature. Int Endod J. 2010;43(3):171-89. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  8. Balto H, Al Khalifah Sh, Al Mugairin S, Al Deeb M, Al-Madi E. Technical quality of root fillings performed by undergraduate students in Saudi Arabia. Int Endod J. 2010;43(4):292-300. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  9. Yavari H, Samiei M, Shahi S, Borna Z, Abdollahi AA, Ghiasvand N, et al. Radiographic evaluation of root canal fillings accomplished by undergraduate dental students. Iran Endod J. 2015;10(2):127-30.
  10. Rafeek RN, Smith WA, Mankee MS, Coldero LG. Radiographic evaluation of the technical quality of root canal fillings performed by dental students. Aust Endod J. 2012;38(2):64-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  11. Young GR, Parashos P, Messer HH. The principles of techniques for cleaning root canals. Aust Dent J. 2007;52(1 Suppl):S52-63. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  12. Buchanan LS. The standardized-taper root canal preparation--Part 1. Concepts for variably tapered shaping instruments. Int Endod J. 2000;33(6):516-29. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  13. Muliyar S, Shameem KA, Thankachan RP, Francis PG, Jayapalan CS, Hafiz KA. Microleakage in endodontics. J Int Oral Health. 2014;6(6):99-104.
  14. Berman LH, Hargreaves KM. Cohen's Pathways of the Pulp Expert Consult. 11th ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 2016. p.928.
  15. 5. Moradi S, Gharechahi M. Quality of root canal obturation performed by senior undergraduate dental students. Iran Endod J. 2014;9(1):66-70.
  16. Jamani KD, Fayyad MA. A radiographic study of the prevalence of endodontically treated teeth and procedural errors of root canal filling. Odontostomatol Trop. 2005;28(111):29-33.
  17. Segura-Egea JJ, Jiménez-Pinzón A, Poyato-Ferrera M, Velasco-Ortega E, Ríos-Santos JV. Periapical status and quality of root fillings and coronal restorations in an adult Spanish population. Int Endod J. 2004;37(8):525-30. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  18. Barrieshi-Nusair KM, Al-Omari MA, Al-Hiyasat AS. Radiographic technical quality of root canal treatment performed by dental students at the Dental Teaching Center in Jordan. J Dent. 2004;32(4):301-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  19. Saunders WP, Saunders EM. Prevalence of periradicular periodontitis associated with crowned teeth in an adult Scottish subpopulation. Br Dent J. 1998;185(3):137-40. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  20. Chugal NM, Clive JM, Spångberg LS. Endodontic treatment outcome: effect of the permanent restoration. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;104(4):576-82. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  21. Gumru B, Tarcin B, Iriboz E, Turkaydin DE, Unver T, Ovecoglu HS. Assessment of the periapical health of abutment teeth: a retrospective radiological study. Niger J Clin Pract. 2015;18(4):472-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  22. Boltacz-Rzepkowska E, Pawlicka H. Radiographic features and outcome of root canal treatment carried out in the Łódź region of Poland. Int Endod J. 2003;36(1):27-32. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  23. Buckley M, Spångberg LS. The prevalence and technical quality of endodontic treatment in an American subpopulation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1995;79(1):92-100. [Crossref] 
  24. Khabbaz MG, Protogerou E, Douka E. Radiographic quality of root fillings performed by undergraduate students. Int Endod J. 2010;43(6):499-508. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  25. 5. Lynch CD, Burke FM. Quality of root canal fillings performed by undergraduate dental students on single-rooted teeth. Eur J Dent Educ. 2006;10(2):67-72. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  26. Eskandarloo A, Karkehabadi H, Hoseini Hashemi SZ, Ahmadi M, Hendi SS. Radiographic quality of root canal obturation performed by fifth year students of Hamadan Dental School. Iran Endod J. 2017;12(2):236-41.
  27. Alsulaimani RS, Al-Manei KK, A Alsubait S, AlAqeely RS, A M Al-Shehri S, M Al-Madi E. Effects of clinical training and case difficulty on the radiographic quality of root canal fillings performed by dental students in Saudi Arabia. Iran Endod J. 2015;10(4):268-73.
  28. Cheung GS. Survival of first-time nonsurgical root canal treatment performed in a dental teaching hospital. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002;93(5):596-604. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  29. Ilgüy D, Ilgüy M, Fisekçioglu E, Ersan N, Tanalp J, Dölekoglu S. Assessment of root canal treatment outcomes performed by turkish dental students: results after two years. J Dent Educ. 2013;77(4):502-9.
  30. Vukadinov T, Blažić L, Kantardžić I, Lainović T. Technical quality of root fillings performed by undergraduate students: a radiographic study. ScientificWorldJournal. 2014;2014: 751274. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  31. Moussa-Badran S, Roy B, Bessart du Parc AS, Bruyant M, Lefevre B, Maurin JC. Technical quality of root fillings performed by dental students at the dental teaching centre in Reims, France. Int Endod J. 2008;41(8):679-84. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  32. Kerekes K, Tronstad L. Long-term results of endodontic treatment performed with a standardized technique. J Endod. 1979;5(3):83-90. [Crossref] 
  33. Sonntag D, Bärwald R, Hülsmann M, Stachniss V. Pre-clinical endodontics: a survey amongst German dental schools. Int Endod J. 2008;41(10):863-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  34. Mokhtari F, Yosefi MH, Jahromi AG. Radiographic evaluation of the quality of root canal treatments performed by dental students at the yazd faculty of dentistry between 2010-12. J Dent Med. 2014;(2):27.
  35. Cheung GS, Liu CS. A retrospective study of endodontic treatment outcome between nickel-titanium rotary and stainless steel hand filing techniques. J Endod. 2009;35(7):938-43. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  36. Greene KJ, Krell KV. Clinical factors associated with ledged canals in maxillary and mandibular molars. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1990;70(4):490-7. [Crossref] 
  37. Gambarini G. Shaping and cleaning the root canal system. A scaning electron microscopic evaluation of a new instrumentation and irrigation technique. J Endod. 1999;25(12):800-3. [Crossref] 
  38. Kfir A, Rosenberg E, Zuckerman O, Tamse A, Fuss Z. Comparison of procedural errors resulting during root canal preparations completed by senior dental students in patients using an '8-step method' versus 'serial step-back technique. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004;97(6):745-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 

.: Up To Date

Login



Contact


Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com