Journal of Traditional Medical Complementary Therapies

.: REVIEW
Tiroid Fonksiyon Bozukluklarında Fitoterapötik Seçenekler
Phytotherapeutic Options in Thyroid Function Disorders
Gökşen Dilşat DURBİLMEZa, Methiye MANCAK KARAKUŞa, Ufuk KOCA-ÇALIŞKANa
aGazi Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi, Farmakognozi ABD, Ankara, TÜRKİYE
J Tradit Complem Med. 2021;4(1):131-46
doi: 10.5336/jtracom.2020-76256
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
Tiroid bezi, larinksin sonu ve trakeanın başlangıcının 2 tarafında sağda ve solda bulunan, oldukça vasküler yapılı bir bezdir. Tiroid hormonlarını [triyodotironin (T3) ve tiroksin (T4)] üretir, depolar ve salgılar. Tiroid hormonları büyüme, gelişme ve metabolizma için de oldukça önemlidir. Hipotiroidizm, hipertiroidizm, ötiroid, guatr, tiroid nodülleri, tiroidit ve tiroid kanserleri tiroid bezi fonksiyon bozukluklarından kaynaklanmaktadır. Tiroid hormonu sentezlenmesi ve salgılanması sırasında meydana gelen herhangi bir problem, bu hastalıklara sebep olabilir. Tiroid hormonlarının sentezi ve salınımındaki anomaliler, hem bazal metabolik oranın değişmesine hem de buna bağlı olarak pek çok sağlık problemine yol açmaktadır. Farklı sebeplerle ortaya çıkan tiroid semptomlarının düzelmesi için insanlar, bitkilerle tedavi gibi doğal yöntemlere başvurmaktadırlar. Literatür incelemeleri sonucunda, bitkilerin tiroid fonksiyon bozuklarında etkili ve güvenilir şekilde kullanımıyla ilgili az sayıda klinik çalışma tespit edilmiştir. Bu derlemede, bu klinik çalışmalar ve daha detaylı olarak bitkilerin etnobotanik ve etnofarmakolojik verileri incelenmiştir. Kullanım amacına bağlı olarak, tıbbi bitkilerin tiroid bezi metabolizmasına, tiroid hormonlarına ve tiroid bezi fonksiyon bozukluklarının tedavisine olan etkilerine yer verilmiştir. Çalışmamızda, tiroid fonksiyon bozukluklarında faydalı olduğu düşünülen 42 farklı familyadan, 68 farklı bitki bulunmaktadır. Konuyla ilgili yaklaşık 36 bitki üzerinde in vivo çalışma yapıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu bitkilerin, genellikle hipotiroidi veya hipertiroidide etkili olduğu gösterilmiştir. Literatür incelemeleri sonucunda, halk tarafından genellikle bitkilerin yapraklarından hazırlanan sulu ekstrelerin kullanıldığı belirlenmiştir. Bu derlemenin, tiroid fonksiyon bozukluklarının bitkisel ilaçlarla tedavisine yönelik ileride yapılacak araştırmalara ışık tutabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Tiroid; fitoterapi; hipotiroidizm; hipertiroidizm; bitkisel ilaç
ABSTRACT
Thyroid gland is vascular gland located on the right and left sides of the end of the larynx the beginning of the trachea. It produces, stores, secretes thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones are important for growth, development, metabolism. Thyroid gland dysfunctions: hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, euthyroid, goiter, thyroid nodules, thyroiditis, thyroid cancers. Any problems in the synthesis, secretion of thyroid hormone may be the cause of these diseases. Abnormalities in the synthesis, secretion of thyroid hormones lead to both changes in the basal metabolic rate and health problems. People resort to natural methods such as treatment with plants to improve thyroid symptoms that occur for different reasons. As a result of the literature reviews, few clinical studies have been identified regarding the effective and reliable use of plants in thyroid dysfunction. In this review, these clinical studies and ethnobotanical, ethnopharmacological data of these plants were examined in more detail. Depending on the intended use, the effects of medicinal plants on thyroid gland metabolism, thyroid hormones, treatment of thyroid gland dysfunctions are included. In our study, there are 68 different plants from 42 different families that are thought to be beneficial in thyroid dysfunction and 36 in vivo studies. These plants have generally been found to be effective in hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. As a result of literature reviews, it is determined that the leaves of plants are used for water extracts. It is thought that this review may shed some light on further research on the treatment of thyroid dysfunction with herbal medicines.

Keywords: Thyroid; phytotherapy; hypothyroidism; hyperthyroidism; herbal medicine
REFERENCES:
  1. Durgun Z, Yazıcı C, İnan AO. [Thyroid hormones and diseases]. Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science. 2019;2(1):28-40. [Link] 
  2. İkiz AO. Tiroid ve paratiroid cerrahisi anatomisi. [Thyroid and parathyroid surgery anatomy]. Toprak M, editör. Tiroid ve Paratiroid Cerrahisi. 7. Baskı. İstanbul: Deomed Yayıncılık; 2011. p.13-23.
  3. Akçakaya A, Koç B, Ferhatoğlu F. [Thyroid anatomy and surgical approach]. Okmeydanı Tıp Dergisi. 2012;28(1):1-9. [Crossref] 
  4. Roshangar F, Modaresi M, Toghyani M. Effect of Marshmallow's root extract on thyroid hormones in broilers. Res J Appl Sci Eng Technol. 2014;7(1):161-4. [Crossref] 
  5. Carvalho GA, Perez CL, Ward LS. [The clinical use of thyroid function tests]. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2013;57(3):193-204. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  6. Demers LM, Spencer CA. Laboratory medicine practice guidelines: Laboratory support for the diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003;58(2):138-40. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  7. Gharib H, Papini E, Paschke R, Duick DS, Valcavi R, Hegedüs L, et al; AACE/AME/ETA Task Force on Thyroid Nodules. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Associazione Medici Endocrinologi, and European Thyroid Association medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules: Executive summary of recommendations. J Endocrinol Invest. 2010;33(5 Suppl):51-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  8. Zimmermann MB. Iodine deficiency. Endocr Rev. 2009;30(4):376-408. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  9. De Groot L, Abalovich M, Alexander EK, Amino N, Barbour L, Cobin RH, et al. Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(8):2543-65. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  10. Derhem B. [Screening and approach to thyroid dysfunction in primary care]. Anadolu Güncel Tıp Derg. 2019;1(3):72-6. [Crossref] 
  11. Sağlam F, Çakır B. [Clinical approach to thyroid diseases in primary health care]. Ankara Med J. 2012;12(3):136-9. [Crossref] 
  12. De Leo S, Lee SY, Braverman LE. Hyperthyroidism. Lancet. 2016;27;388(10047):906-18. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  13. Devereaux D, Tewelde SZ. Hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2014;32(2):277-92. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  14. Karataş F, Aşkın U, Halifeoğlu İ, Dönder E. [An investigation of the levels of antioxidants vitamins ( A, E and C), selenium in serum and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in erythrocytes of goitre patient's]. Fırat Uni Med J Health Sci. 2006;20(4):277-80. [Link] 
  15. Akarsu E, Alagöl F, Altay F, Uğur Altun B, Altunbaş H, Anıl C, et al. Ötiroid Diffüz Guatr. Türkiye Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Derneği. Tiroid Hastalıkları Tanı ve Tedavi Kılavuzu. 4. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri; 2019. p.120-5.
  16. Üçler R. [The management of euthyroid nodular goiter]. Van Med J. 2014;21(2):123-8. [Link] 
  17. Barrett KE, Brooks H, Boitano S, Barman S. The thyroid gland. Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology. 23rd ed. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies; 2010. pp.290-315.
  18. Metro D, Cernaro V, Papa M, Benvenga S. Marked improvement of thyroid function and autoimmunity by Aloe barbadensis miller juice in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2018;14;11:18-25. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  19. Altay M, Ateş İ, Kaplan Efe F, Karadağ İ. Does use of Anethum graveolens affected thyroid hormone levels and thyroid nodules? Am J Ther. 2017;24(5):e627-e9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  20. Kelly GS. Rhodiola rosea: A possible plant adaptogen. Altern Med Rev. 2001;6(3):293-302. [PubMed] 
  21. Brown RP, Gerbarg PL, Ramazanov Z. Rhodiola rosea: A phytomedicinal overview. HerbalGram. 2002;56:40-52. [Link] 
  22. Zubeldia JM, Nabi HA, Jiménez del Río M, Genovese J. Exploring new applications for Rhodiola rosea: Can we improve the quality of life of patients with short-term hypothyroidism induced by hormone withdrawal? J Med Food. 2010;13(6):1287-92. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  23. Darbinyan V, Aslanyan G, Amroyan E, Gabrielyan E, Malmström C, Panossian A, et al. Clinical trial of Rhodiola rosea L. extract SHR-5 in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. Nord J Psychiatry. 2007;61(5):343-8. Erratum in: Nord J Psychiatry. 2007;61(6):503. [PubMed] 
  24. Bystritsky A, Kerwin L, Feusner JD. A pilot study of Rhodiola rosea (Rhodax) for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). J Altern Complement Med. 2008;14(2):175-80. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  25. Darbinyan V, Kteyan A, Panossian A, Gabrielian E, Wikman G, Wagner H, et al. Rhodiola rosea in stress induced fatigue--a double blind cross-over study of a standardized extract SHR-5 with a repeated low-dose regimen on the mental performance of healthy physicians during night duty. Phytomedicine. 2000;7(5):365-71. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  26. Tahiliani P, Kar A. Achyranthes aspera elevates thyroid hormone levels and decreases hepatic lipid peroxidation in male rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;71(3):527-32. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  27. Kar A, Panda S, Bharti S. Relative efficacy of three medicinal plant extracts in the alteration of thyroid hormone concentrations in male mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002;81(2):281-5. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  28. Avci G, Küçükkurt I, Küpeli Akkol E, Yeşilada E. Effects of escin mixture from the seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum on obesity in mice fed a high fat diet. Pharm Biol. 2010;48(3):247-52. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  29. Bahadır Acıkara Ö, Ergene Öz B, Saltan İşcan G. Alchemilla xanthochlora (Aslanpençesi). Demirezer LÖ, Ersöz T, Saraçoğlu I, Şener B, Köroğlu A, Yalçın FN, editörler. FFD Monografları- Bitkiler ve Etkileri. 3. Baskı. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitabevi; 2017. p.35-41.
  30. Tahiliani P, Kar A. The combined effects of Trigonella and Allium extracts in the regulation of hyperthyroidism in rats. Phytomedicine. 2003;10(8):665-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  31. Tahiliani P, Kar A. Mitigation of thyroxine-induced hyperglycaemia by two plant extracts. Phytother Res. 2003;17(3):294-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  32. Shokri Z, Khoshbin M, Koohpayeh A, Abbasi N, Bahmani F, Rafieian-Kopaei M, et al. Thyroid diseases: Pathophysiology and new hopes in treatment with medicinal plants and natural antioxidants. Int J Green Pharm. 2018;12(3):473-82. [Link] 
  33. Idiz C, Aysan E, Elmas L, Bahadori F, Idiz UO. Effectiveness of Anethum graveolens l. on antıoxidant status, thyroid function and histopathology. Acta Endocrinol (Buchar). 2018;14(4):447-52. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  34. Panda S, Kar A. Annona squamosa seed extract in the regulation of hyperthyroidism and lipid-peroxidation in mice: possible involvement of quercetin. Phytomedicine. 2007;14(12):799-805. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  35. Panda S, Kar A. Possible amelioration of hyperthyroidism by the leaf extract of Annona squamosa. Curr Sci. 2003;84(11):1402-4. [Link] 
  36. Kooti W, Ahangarpoor A, Ghasemiboroon M, Sadeghnezhadi S, Abbasi Z, Shanaki Z, et al. Effect of Apium graveolens leaf extract on serum level of thyroid hormones in male rat. J Babol Univ Med Sci. 2014;16(11):44-50. [Crossref] 
  37. Kooti W, Daraei N. A review of the antioxidant activity of celery (Apium graveolens L). J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017;22(4):1029-34. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  38. Polat R, Selvi S, Çakılcıoğlu U, Acar M. [Investigations of ethnobotanical aspect of wild plants sold in Bingol (Turkey) local markets]. Bio Di Con. 2012;5(3):155-61. [Link] 
  39. Panda S, Kar A. Withania somnifera and Bauhinia purpurea in the regulation of circulating thyroid hormone concentrations in female mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999;1;67(2):233-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  40. Singha MB, Sarma T, Lahakar M. Effect of ethanolic extract of Bauhinia variegata and Commiphora mukul in regulating thyroid stimulating hormone in hypothyroidism ınduced albino wistar rats. J Drug Deliv Ther. 2019;9(2-s):35-9. [Link] 
  41. Siew YY, Zareisedehizadeh S, Seetoh WG, Neo SY, Tan CH, Koh HL, et al. Ethnobotanical survey of usage of fresh medicinal plants in Singapore. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;29;155(3):1450-66. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  42. Tuzlaci E, Aymaz PE. Turkish folk medicinal plants, part IV: Gönen (Balikesir). Fitoterapia. 2001;72(4):323-43. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  43. Bove M. Botanical Insights into Autoimmune Thyroid Disease. Integr Prac. 2012; 6: 19. [Link] 
  44. Lather A, Gupta V, Bansal P, Sahu M, Sachdeva K, Ghaiye P. An ayurvedic polyherbal formulation kaishore guggulu: A review. Int J Pharm Biol Arch. 2011;2(1):497-503. [Link] 
  45. Agarwa P, Sharma B, Fatima A, Jain SK. An update on ayurvedic herb convolvulus pluricaulis choisy. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2014;4(3):245-52. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  46. Devi GMR. A comprehensive review on Costus pictus D. Don. IJPSR. 2019;10(7):3187-95. [Link] 
  47. Ashwini S, Bobby Z, Sridhar MG, Cleetus CC. Insulin plant (Costus pictus) extract restores thyroid hormone levels in experimental hypothyroidism. Pharmacognosy Res. 2017;9(1):51-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  48. Ecevit Genç G, Özhatay, N. An Ethnobotanical study in Çatalca (European part of İstanbul) II. Turk J Pharm Sci. 2006;3(2):73-89. [Link] 
  49. Subudhi U, Das K, Paital B, Bhanja S, Chainy GB. Supplementation of curcumin and vitamin E enhances oxidative stress, but restores hepatic histoarchitecture in hypothyroid rats. Life Sci. 2009;13;84(11-12):372-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  50. Araújo CC, Leon LL. Biological activities of Curcuma longa L. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2001;96(5):723-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  51. Panda S, Kar A. Fruit extract of Emblica officinalis ameliorates hyperthyroidism and hepatic lipid peroxidation in mice. Pharmazie. 2003;58(10):753-5. [PubMed] 
  52. Saxena V, Dharamveer, Gupta R, Saraf SA. Ficus carica leaf extract in regulation of thyroidism using elisa technique. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2012;5(2):44-8. [Link] 
  53. Hameed RR, Atya KF, Mohameed MA. Role of Fucus vesiculosus L extract in the regulation of thyroid hormones status in adult male rabbits Kerbala. J Pharm Sci. 2014;7:67-84. [Link] 
  54. Avcı G, Erdoğan SM. [Efficacy of functional foods in thyroid dysfunction]. Kocatepe Vet J. 2017;10(4):331-6. [Link] 
  55. Karaköse M, Karaköse GÇ. Medicinal and aromatic plants of Esenli (Giresun) forest planning unit. Int J Sec Metabolite. 2017; 4(3, Special Issue 1):285-305. [Crossref] 
  56. Koyuncu O, Yaylacı OK, Tokur S. [A study on Geyve (Sakarya) and its environs in terms of ethnobotanical aspects]. OT Sistematik Botanik Dergisi. 2009;16(1):123-42. [Link] 
  57. Bharthi V, Kavya N, Shubhashree MN, Bhat S. Herbal approach to management of thyroid disease-a review. J Ayu Herb Med. 2017;3(1):48-52. [Link] 
  58. Verma K, Jameel K. Studies on traditional treatment of thyroid by the tribals of Chitrakoot district, Uttar Pradesh. Int J Sci Res. 2014;3(10):1370-3. [Link] 
  59. Winterhoff H, Sourgens H, Kemper FH. Antihormonal effects of plant extracts. Pharmacodynamic effects of Lithospermum officinale on the thyroid gland of rats; comparison with the effects of iodide. Horm Metab Res. 1983;15(10):503-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  60. Baczyńska B, Lityńska-Zając M. Application of Lithospermum officinale L. in Early Bronze Age Medicine. Veg Hist Archaeobot. 2005;14(1):77-80. [Crossref] 
  61. Vonhoff C, Baumgartner A, Hegger M, Korte B, Biller A, Winterhoff H. Extract of Lycopus europaeus L. reduces cardiac signs of hyperthyroidism in rats. Life Sci. 2006;2;78(10):1063-70. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  62. Fleming T. PDR for Herbal Medicines. 2nd ed. New Jersey: Medical Economics Company; 2000.
  63. Bucar F, Kartnig T. Flavone glucuronides of Lycopus virginicus. Planta Med. 1995;61(4):378-80. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  64. Yeşilyurt EB, Şimşek I, Tuncel T, Akaydın G, Yeşilada E. [Plants used as folk medicine in some settlements of Marmara Region]. Marmara Pharm J. 2017;21:132-48. [Crossref] 
  65. Parmar HS, Kar A. Protective role of mangifera indica, Cucumis melo and Citrullus vulgaris peel extracts in chemically induced hypothyroidism. Chem Biol Interact. 2009;12;177(3):254-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  66. Bora KS, Sharma A. Phytochemical and pharmacological potential of Medicago sativa: A review. Pharm Biol. 2011;49(2):211-20. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  67. Sourgens H, Winterhoff H, Gumbinger HG, Kemper FH. Antihormonal Effects of Plant Extracts. Planta Med. 1982;45(6):78-86. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  68. Panda S, Kar A. Excess Use of Momordica charantia Extract may not be safe with respect to thyroid function and lipid peroxidation. Curr Sci. 2000;79(2):2224. [Link] 
  69. Roshi M, Jyoti D, Nath TA. A Review of available literature and scientific studies on herbs conducted so far concerning thyroid disorders. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2017;6(7):1821-9. [Crossref] 
  70. Al-Qarawi AA, Al-Damegh MA, ElMougy SA. Effect of freeze dried extract of Olea europaea on the pituitary-thyroid axis in rats. Phytother Res. 2002;16(3):286-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  71. Mekircha F, Chebab S, Gabbianelli R, Leghouchi E. The possible ameliorative effect of Olea europaea L. oil against deltamethrin-induced oxidative stress and alterations of serum concentrations of thyroid and reproductive hormones in adult female rats. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2018;161:374-82. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  72. Agyare C, Appiah T, Boakye YD, Apenteng JA. Petroselinum crispum: A review. In: Kuete V, ed. Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa. 1st ed. Amsterdam: Academic Press; 2017. p.527-47. [Crossref] 
  73. Guarrera PM, Forti G, Marignoli S. Ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal uses of plants in the district of Acquapendente (Latium, Central Italy). J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;15;96(3):429-44. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  74. Panda S, Kar A. Dual role of betel leaf extract on thyroid function in male mice. Pharmacol Res. 1998;38(6):493-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  75. Gül V, Seçkin Dinler B. [Some medical and aromatic plants growing naturally in Kumru region (Ordu)]. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2016;11(1):146-56. [Link] 
  76. Lamoureaux SL, Bourdôt GW. A review of the ecology and management of Ranunculus acris subsp. acris in pasture. Weed Res. 2007;47(6):461-71. [Crossref] 
  77. Panda S, Kar A. Regulation of hyperthyroidism by Rauwolfia serpentine root extract in mice. Pharm Pharmacol Commun. 2000;6(11):517-20. [Crossref] 
  78. Tuzlacı E, Erol MK. Turkish Folk Medicinal Plants. Part II: Eğirdir (Isparta). Fitoterapia. 1999;70(6):593-610. [Crossref] 
  79. Zahara K, Tabassum S, Sabir S, Arshad M, Qureshi R, Amjad MS, et al. A review of therapeutic potential of Saussurea lappa-an endangered plant from Himalaya. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2014;7S1:S60-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  80. World Health Organization. Monographs on selected medicinal plants. Volume 4. Geneva: WHO Press; 2009.
  81. Panda S, Tahiliani P, Kar A. Inhibition of triiodothyronine production by fenugreek seed extract in mice and rats. Pharmacol Res. 1999;40(5):405-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  82. Chaudhary S, Chaudhary PS, Chikara SK, Sharma MC, Iriti M. Review on Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) and its important secondary metabolite diosgenin. Not Bot Horti Agrobo. 2018;46(1):22-31. [Crossref] 
  83. Savran A, Bağcı Y, Kargıoğlu M. [Vernacular names and ethnobotanical aspects of some species in Gemerek (Sivas) and its vicinity]. Afyon Kocatepe University Journal of Science. 2009;8(1):313-21. [Link] 
  84. Aqababa H, Hosseini N, Hosseini E. The effect of Urtica dioica hydro-alcoholic extract on the plasma level of pituitary thyroid axis hormones and some of the liver enzymes in adult male wistar rat. Journal of Animal Biology. 2011;3(4):1-8. [Link] 
  85. Küçükkurt I, Akkol EK, Karabağ F, İnce S, Süntar I, Eryavuz A, et al. Determination of the regulatory properties of Yucca schidigera extracts on the biochemical parameters and plasma hormone levels associated with obesity. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2016;26(2):246-50. [Crossref] 
  86. Mistry D, Atkin S, Atkinson H, Gunasekaran S, Sylvester D, Rigby AS, et al. Predicting thyroxine requirements following total thyroidectomy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2011;74(3):384-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  87. Berrougui H, Martín-Cordero C, Khalil A, Hmamouchi M, Ettaib A, Marhuenda E, et al. Vasorelaxant effects of harmine and harmaline extracted from Peganum harmala L. seeds in isolated rat aorta. Pharmacol Res. 2006;54(2):150-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  88. Deshpande UR, Joseph LJ, Patwardhan UN, Samuel AM. Effect of antioxidants (vitamin C, E and turmeric extract) on methimazole induced hypothyroidism in rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 2002;40(6):735-8. [PubMed] 
  89. Parmar HS, Kar A. Medicinal values of fruit peels from Citrus sinensis, Punica granatum, and Musa paradisiaca with respect to alterations in tissue lipid peroxidation and serum concentration of glucose, insulin, and thyroid hormones. J Med Food. 2008;11(2):376-81. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  90. Peepre K, Deshpandey U, Choudhary P. Role of antioxidants on thyroid hormones in wistar rats. Int J Sci Res. 2014;3(1):34-8. [Link] 
  91. Divi RL, Doerge DR. Inhibition of thyroid peroxidase by dietary flavonoids. Chem Res Toxicol. 1996;9(1):16-23. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  92. Divi RL, Chang HC, Doerge DR. Anti-thyroid isoflavones from soybean: isolation, characterization, and mechanisms of action. Biochem Pharmacol. 1997;15;54(10):1087-96. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  93. Ferreira AC, Neto JC, da Silva AC, Kuster RM, Carvalho DP. Inhibition of thyroid peroxidase by Myrcia uniflora flavonoids. Chem Res Toxicol. 2006;19(3):351-5. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  94. Hampl R, Ostatnikova D, Celec P, Putz Z, Lapcík O, Matucha P. Short-term effect of soy consumption on thyroid hormone levels and correlation with phytoestrogen level in healthy subjects. Endocr Regul. 2008;42(2-3):53-61. [PubMed] 
  95. Ferreira AC, Lisboa PC, Oliveira KJ, Lima LP, Barros IA, Carvalho DP. Inhibition of thyroid type 1 deiodinase activity by flavonoids. Food Chem Toxicol. 2002;40(7):913-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  96. da-Silva WS, Harney JW, Kim BW, Li J, Bianco SD, Crescenzi A, et al. The small polyphenolic molecule kaempferol increases cellular energy expenditure and thyroid hormone activation. Diabetes. 2007;56(3):767-76. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  97. Khan A, Khan MA, Akhtar S. Thyroid disorders, etiology and prevalence. J Med Sci. 2002;2(2):89-94. [Crossref] 
  98. Farling PA. Thyroid disease. Br J Anaesth. 2000;85(1):15-28. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  99. Öz Ö, Şahin S, Cander S, Gül B, Ünal OK, Akçalı Ü, et al. [Investigation of relationship between thyroid functions and age of the patients who are admitted to endocrinology out-patient clinic]. J Uludag Uni Med. 2011;37(2):67-70. [Link] 

.: Up To Date

Login



Contact


Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com