Journal of Literature Pharmacy Sciences

Türkiye'de Klinik Eczacılık Hizmetlerinin Yerleştirilmesi ve Geliştirilmesi Aşamasında Cevap Bekleyen Bir Soru: Klinik Eczacı Kimdir?
A Question Awaiting Answer During the Development and Implementation Stage of Clinical Pharmacy Services in Turkey: Who is Clinical Pharmacist?
Emre KARAa, Betül OKUYANb, Kutay DEMİRKANa, Mesut SANCARb
aHacettepe Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi, Klinik Eczacılık ABD, Ankara, TÜRKİYE
bMarmara Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi, Klinik Eczacılık ABD, İstanbul, TÜRKİYE
J Lit Pharm Sci. 2021;10(1):109-18
doi: 10.5336/pharmsci.2020-76878
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 İlaç hatalarının artması sonucunda, sağlık harcamaları da artmakta ve hasta sonuçları kötüleşebilmektedir. Klinik eczacılar, sağlık ekibine katılarak ve özellikle ilaç kullanımı ile ilgili sorumlulukları paylaşarak ilaçla ilgili sorunların belirlenmesi ve önlenmesi konusunda fayda sağlamaktadırlar. Yaklaşık 60 yıl önce Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde klinik eczacılık uzmanlığı tanımlanmıştır ve şu anda birçok ülkenin sağlık sisteminde klinik eczacılık uygulamaları mevcuttur. Klinik eczacılık, hizmetlerinde farmasötik bakım felsefesini benimsemektedir ve birincil amaç olarak en ideal hasta sonuçlarının elde edilmesini amaçlamaktadır. Klinik eczacılık hizmetleri, hastaneler, serbest eczaneler, poliklinikler, bakım evleri, evde bakım hizmetleri gibi sağlık hizmeti sunulan tüm ortamlarda verilebilmektedir. Klinik eczacılık hizmetleri; ilaç danışmanlığı ve hasta eğitimi hizmeti, kapsamlı ilaç yönetimi, ilaç uzlaşısı, ilaç incelemesi, ilaçla ilişkili sorunların saptanması ve önlenmesi, tedavi izlemi ve koruyucu sağlık hizmetleri gibi bazı ana konu başlıklarında incelenebilir. Klinik eczacının kim olduğuna odaklanan bu derlemede, klinik eczacılığın genel konsepti ve klinik eczacılık eğitimi, çalışma alanları ve sunulan hizmetler özetlenmiştir. Bu derlemenin ülkemizdeki klinik eczacılık hizmetlerinin uygulanması ve geliştirilmesi sırasında araştırmacılar, uygulayıcılar ve sağlık sistemi geliştiricileri için yararlı bir kaynak olması beklenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Eczacılar; farmasötik hizmetler; tedavi hataları; klinik eczacılık
ABSTRACT
 There are concerns regarding an increase in medication error that could be resulted in high health costs and poor patient outcomes. Clinical pharmacists would be a beneficial impact on the prevention and detection of medication-related problems by involving the health care team and sharing responsibilities, especially about medication utilization. Almost sixty years ago, specialization in clinical pharmacy was defined in the United States of America and currently available in the health-system of many countries. Clinical pharmacy adopts the philosophy of pharmaceutical care in its services and aims to achieve the most ideal patients' clinical outcomes as the primary purpose. Clinical pharmacy services can be provided in all healthcare settings such as hospitals, community pharmacies, outpatient clinics, nursing homes, home care services. Clinical pharmacy services can be sorted in some major topics, such as drug information, patient counseling and education, comprehensive medication management, medication reconciliation, medication review, prevention and detection of medication-related problems, therapeutic drug monitoring, and preventive health services. Focusing on who the clinical pharmacist is, this review was summarized the general concept of clinical pharmacy and clinical pharmacists' education, workplace, and services. This review is expected to be a useful resource for researchers and practitioners and health care system developers during the implementation and development of clinical pharmacy services in our country.

Keywords: Pharmacists; pharmaceutical services; medication errors; clinical pharmacy
REFERENCES:
  1. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Quality of Health Care in America. To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System. Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS, editors. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2000. [PubMed] 
  2. Biles JA. The doctor of pharmacy. JAMA. 1983;249(9):1157-60. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  3. Jacobi J. Clinical pharmacists: practitioners who are essential members of your clinical care team. Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes. 2016;27(5):571-7. [Crossref] 
  4. Carter BL. Evolution of Clinical Pharmacy in the USA and Future Directions for Patient Care. Drugs Aging. 2016;33(3):169-77. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  5. American College of Clinical Pharmacy. The definition of clinical pharmacy. Pharmacotherapy. 2008;28(6):816-7. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  6. Hazen ACM, de Bont AA, Boelman L, Zwart DLM, de Gier JJ, de Wit NJ, et al. The degree of integration of non-dispensing pharmacists in primary care practice and the impact on health outcomes: A systematic review. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2018;14(3):228-240. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  7. Soares IB, Imfeld-Isenegger TL, Makovec UN, Horvat N, Kos M, Arnet I, et al. A survey to assess the availability, implementation rate and remuneration of pharmacist-led cognitive services throughout Europe. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2020;16(1):41-7. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  8. Strand LM, Cipolle RJ, Morley PC, Frakes MJ. The impact of pharmaceutical care practice on the practitioner and the patient in the ambulatory practice setting: twenty-five years of experience. Curr Pharm Des. 2004;10(31):3987-4001. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  9. The European Society of Clinical Pharmacy [İnternet]. [Erişim tarihi: 16.04.2020]. What is Clinical Pharmacy?. Erişim linki: [Link] 
  10. Swiss Association of Public Health Administration and Hospital Pharmacists [İnternet]. © GSASA - Alle Rechte vorbehalten | Site by WeServe AG [Erişim tarihi: 16.04.2020]. Définition de la pharmacie clinique hospitalière selon la GSASA. Erişim linki: [Link] 
  11. Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacist [İnternet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 17.04.2020]. Clinical Pharmacy. Erişim linki: [Link] 
  12. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Türkiye İlaç ve Tıbbi Cihaz Kurumu [İnternet]. [Erişim tarihi: 18.04.2020]. İyi eczacilik uygulamalari kilavuzu. Erişim linki: [Link] 
  13. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Eczacılıkta Uzmanlık Kurulu [İnternet]. [Erişim tarihi: 18.04.2020]. Klinik eczacılık uzmanlık eğitimi çekirdek müfredatı. Erişim linki: [Link] 
  14. Kaboli PJ, Hoth AB, McClimon BJ, Schnipper JL. Clinical pharmacists and inpatient medical care: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(9):955-64. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  15. Aypar E, Sancar M, Izzettin FV. Eczacılıkta yeni dönem: Klinik eczacılık ve sağlık sistemindeki yeri [New era in pharmacy: Its place in clinical pharmacy and health system]. Sağlık Düşüncesi ve Tıp Kültürü Dergisi. 2014;30:48-51. [Link] 
  16. American College of Clinical Pharmacy. Standards of practice for clinical pharmacists. Pharmacotherapy. 2014;34(8):794-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  17. Canadian Pharmacist Association [İnternet]. © 2020 CPhA. All Rights Reserved [Erişim tarihi: 18.04.2020]. Pharmacist in Canada. Erişim linki: [Link] 
  18. Australian Government Department of Health [İnternet]. © Commonwealth of Australia [Erişim tarihi: 19.04.2020]. Home medicines review program qualitative research project final report. Erişim linki: [Link] 
  19. National Health Service [İnternet]. © Crown copyright [Erişim tarihi: 19.04.2020]. New Medicine Service (NMS). Erişim linki: [Link] 
  20. Akazawa M, Nomura K, Kusama M, Igarashi A. Drug Utilization Reviews by Community Pharmacists in Japan: Identification of Potential Safety Concerns through the Brown Bag Program. Value Health Reg Issues. 2012;1(1):98-104. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  21. ASHP Early Years [İnternet]. © Copyright 2020 American Society of Health-System Pharmacists [Erişim tarihi: 29.05.2020]. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Erişim linki: [Link] 
  22. Chisholm-Burns MA, Kim Lee J, Spivey CA, Slack M, Herrier RN, Hall-Lipsy E, et al. US pharmacists' effect as team members on patient care: systematic review and meta-analyses. Med Care. 2010;48(10):923-33. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  23. Beney J, Bero LA, Bond C. Expanding the roles of outpatient pharmacists: effects on health services utilisation, costs, and patient outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(3):CD000336. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD000336. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  24. Tett SE, Higgins GM, Armour CL. Impact of pharmacist interventions on medication management by the elderly: a review of the literature. Ann Pharmacother. 1993;27(1):80-6. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  25. Jenkins MH, Bond CA. The impact of clinical pharmacists on psychiatric patients. Pharmacotherapy. 1996;16(4):708-14. [PubMed] 
  26. Kane SL, Weber RJ, Dasta JF. The impact of critical care pharmacists on enhancing patient outcomes. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29(5):691-8. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  27. Schumock GT, Meek PD, Ploetz PA, Vermeulen LC. Economic evaluations of clinical pharmacy services--1988-1995. The Publications Committee of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy. Pharmacotherapy. 1996;16(6):1188-208. [PubMed] 
  28. Pickard AS, Johnson JA, Farris KB. The impact of pharmacist interventions on health-related quality of life. Ann Pharmacother. 1999;33(11):1167-72. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  29. Pedersen CA, Schneider PJ, Santell JP. ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in hospital settings: prescribing and transcribing--2001. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2001;58(23):2251-66. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  30. Chen EYH, Wang KN, Sluggett JK, Ilomäki J, Hilmer SN, Corlis M, et al. Process, impact and outcomes of medication review in Australian residential aged care facilities: A systematic review. Australas J Ageing. 2019;38 Suppl 2:9-25. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  31. Doherty RB, Crowley RA; Health and Public Policy Committee of the American College of Physicians. Principles supporting dynamic clinical care teams: an American College of Physicians position paper. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(9):620-6. [PubMed] 
  32. İzzettin FV. A model for the ımplementation of patient-oriented pharmacy education: clinical pharmacy and pharmaceutical care courses. Günay D, Öztemel E, editörler. Uluslararası Yükseköğretim Kongresi: Yeni Yönelişler ve Sorunlar (UYK-2011); 27-29 Mayıs 2011; İstanbul, Türkiye. Has Matbaacılık; 2011. p.317-23.
  33. Umar RM, Apikoglu-Rabus S, Yumuk PF. Significance of a clinical pharmacist-led comprehensive medication management program for hospitalized oncology patients. Int J Clin Pharm. 2020;42(2):652-61. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  34. Kucuk E, Bayraktar-Ekincioglu A, Erman M, Kilickap S. Drug-related problems with targeted/immunotherapies at an oncology outpatient clinic. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2020;26(3):595-602. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  35. Ertuna E, Arun MZ, Ay S, Koçak FÖK, Gökdemir B, İspirli G. Evaluation of pharmacist interventions and commonly used medications in the geriatric ward of a teaching hospital in Turkey: a retrospective study. Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:587-600. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  36. Yalçin N, Ak S, Gürel ŞC, Çeliker A. Compliance in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: the role of clinical pharmacist. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019;34(6):298-304. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  37. Izzettin FV, Celik S, Acar RD, Tezcan S, Aksoy N, Bektay MY, et al. The role of the clinical pharmacist in patient education and monitoring of patients under warfarin treatment. Journal of Research in Pharmacy. 2019;23(6):1057-163. [Crossref] 
  38. Kara E, İnkaya AÇ, Aydın Haklı D, Demirkan K, Ünal S. Polypharmacy and drug-related problems among people living with HIV/AIDS: a single-center experience. Turk J Med Sci. 2019;49(1):222-9. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  39. Tecen-Yucel K, Bayraktar-Ekincioglu A, Kilickap S, Erman M. Clinical pharmacy practices in oncology patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. International Journal of Hematology and Oncology. 2018;28(4):053-60. [Link] 
  40. Izzettin FV, Al-taie A, Sancar M, Aliustaoglu M. Influence of pharmacist recommendations for chemotherapy-related problems in diabetic cancer patients. Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal. 2017;21(3):603-11. [Crossref] 
  41. Tezcan S, İzzettin FV, Sancar M, Turhal NS, Yumuk PF. Role of clinical oncology pharmacist in determination of pharmaceutical care needs in patients with colorectal cancer. Eur J Hosp Pharm. 2018;25(e1):e17-e20. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  42. Selcuk A, Sancar M, Okuyan B, Demirtunc R, Izzettin FV. The potential role of clinical pharmacists in elderly patients during hospital admission. Pharmazie. 2015;70(8):559-62. [PubMed] 
  43. Sancar M, Sirinoglu Y, Okuyan B, Karagoz T, Izzettin FV. The effect of pharmacist-led education on inhaler use skills in hospitalised patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur J Hosp Pharm. 2015;22(6):366-8. [Crossref] 
  44. Turnacilar M, Sancar M, Apikoglu-Rabus S, Hursitoglu M, Izzettin FV. Improvement of diabetes indices of care by a short pharmaceutical care program. Pharm World Sci. 2009;31(6):689-95. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  45. Clark PM, Karagoz T, Apikoglu-Rabus S, Izzettin FV. Effect of pharmacist-led patient education on adherence to tuberculosis treatment. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007;64(5):497-505. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  46. Amundstuen Reppe L, Spigset O, Schjøtt J. Drug Information Services Today: Current Role and Future Perspectives in Rational Drug Therapy. Clin Ther. 2016;38(2):414-21. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  47. Ghaibi S, Ipema H, Gabay M; American Society of Health System Pharmacists. ASHP guidelines on the pharmacist's role in providing drug information. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2015;72(7):573-7. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  48. Bonetti AF, Reis WC, Lombardi NF, Mendes AM, Netto HP, Rotta I, et al. Pharmacist-led discharge medication counselling: A scoping review. J Eval Clin Pract. 2018;24(3):570-9. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  49. Salvo MC, Cannon-Breland ML. Motivational interviewing for medication adherence. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2015;55(4):e354-61; quiz e362-3. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  50. Doucette WR, Farris KB, Youland KM, Newland BA, Egerton SJ, Barnes JM. Development of the Drug Adherence Work-up (DRAW) tool. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2012;52(6):e199-204. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  51. Lehmann A, Aslani P, Ahmed R, Celio J, Gauchet A, Bedouch P, et al. Assessing medication adherence: options to consider. Int J Clin Pharm. 2014;36(1):55-69. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  52. Okumura LM, Rotta I, Correr CJ. Assessment of pharmacist-led patient counseling in randomized controlled trials: a systematic review. Int J Clin Pharm. 2014;36(5):882-91. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  53. Nester TM, Hale LS. Effectiveness of a pharmacist-acquired medication history in promoting patient safety. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2002;59(22):2221-5. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  54. Lipton HL, Bird JA. The impact of clinical pharmacists' consultations on geriatric patients' compliance and medical care use: a randomized controlled trial. Gerontologist. 1994;34(3):307-15. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  55. Proia KK, Thota AB, Njie GJ, Finnie RK, Hopkins DP, Mukhtar Q, et al; Community Preventive Services Task Force. Team-based care and improved blood pressure control: a community guide systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(1):86-99. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  56. Koshman SL, Charrois TL, Simpson SH, McAlister FA, Tsuyuki RT. Pharmacist care of patients with heart failure: a systematic review of randomized trials. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(7):687-94. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  57. Al-Hashar A, Al-Zakwani I, Eriksson T, Sarakbi A, Al-Zadjali B, Al Mubaihsi S, et al. Impact of medication reconciliation and review and counselling, on adverse drug events and healthcare resource use. Int J Clin Pharm. 2018;40(5):1154-64. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  58. Viswanathan M, Kahwati LC, Golin CE, Blalock SJ, Coker-Schwimmer E, Posey R, et al. Medication therapy management interventions in outpatient settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(1):76-87. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  59. Developed through the ASHP Council on Pharmacy Practice and approved by the ASHP Board of Directors on April 13, 2012, and by the ASHP House of Delegates on June 10, 2012. ASHP statement on the pharmacist's role in medication reconciliation. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2013;70(5):453-6. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  60. Mekonnen AB, McLachlan AJ, Brien JA. Pharmacy-led medication reconciliation programmes at hospital transitions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2016;41(2):128-44. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  61. Griese-Mammen N, Hersberger KE, Messerli M, Leikola S, Horvat N, van Mil JWF, et al. PCNE definition of medication review: reaching agreement. Int J Clin Pharm. 2018;40(5):1199-1208. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  62. Ibrahim KH, Gunderson B, Rotschafer JC. Intensive care unit antimicrobial resistance and the role of the pharmacist. Crit Care Med. 2001;29(4 Suppl):N108-13. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  63. Chuang LC, Sutton JD, Henderson GT. Impact of a clinical pharmacist on cost saving and cost avoidance in drug therapy in an intensive care unit. Hosp Pharm. 1994;29(3):215-8, 221. [PubMed] 
  64. Leache L, Aquerreta I, Aldaz A, Monedero P, Idoate A, Ortega A. Clinical and economic impact of clinical pharmacist interventions regarding antimicrobials on critically ill patients. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2020;16(9):1285-9. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  65. Gentry CA, Greenfield RA, Slater LN, Wack M, Huycke MM. Outcomes of an antimicrobial control program in a teaching hospital. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2000;57(3):268-74. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  66. Dooley MJ, Allen KM, Doecke CJ, Galbraith KJ, Taylor GR, Bright J, et al. A prospective multicentre study of pharmacist initiated changes to drug therapy and patient management in acute care government funded hospitals. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;57(4):513-21. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  67. Pharmacy Intervention in the Medication-use Process [İnternet]. [Erişim tarihi: 18.04.2020]. International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). Erişim linki: [Link] 
  68. Jeong S, Lee M, Ji E. Effect of pharmaceutical care interventions on glycemic control in patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2018;14:1813-29. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  69. Niznik JD, He H, Kane-Gill SL. Impact of clinical pharmacist services delivered via telemedicine in the outpatient or ambulatory care setting: A systematic review. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2018;14(8):707-17. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  70. European Pharmacists Forum [İnternet]. © Copyright 2020 Alliance UniChem IP Limited [Erişim tarihi: 18.04.2020]. The role of pharmacy in supporting the public's health An EPF white paper and call to action. Erişim linki: [Link] 
  71. Agomo CO. The role of community pharmacists in public health: a scoping review of the literature. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research. 2012;3(1):25-33. [Crossref] 
  72. de With K, Allerberger F, Amann S, Apfalter P, Brodt HR, Eckmanns T, et al. Strategies to enhance rational use of antibiotics in hospital: a guideline by the German Society for Infectious Diseases. Infection. 2016;44(3):395-439. [PubMed] [PMC] 
  73. Moreira Lima Gamboa M, Tesainer Brunetto A, Ferreira Dos Santos ME, Gregianin L. The pharmacists' role in clinical research. Farm Hosp. 2011;35(6):341-2. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  74. International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) [İnternet]. Copyright © 2020 International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) [Erişim tarihi: 18.04.2020]. Advanced Practice and Specialisation in Pharmacy: Global Report 2015. The Hague: International Pharmaceutical Federation; 2015. Erişim linki: [Link] 

.: Up To Date

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com