Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Video Yardımcı Hakem Uygulamasının Hakem Kararları Üzerine Etkileri: Tanımlayıcı Araştırma
The Effects of Video Assistant Referee Implementation on Referee Decisions: Descriptive Research
Ali IŞINa
aAkdeniz Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi, Antrenörlük Eğitimi Bölümü, Antalya, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Sports Sci. 2023;15(2):237-42
doi: 10.5336/sportsci.2022-94757
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Amaç: Video yardımcı hakem uygulaması, futbolda hakem tarafından verilen kararların yeniden incelenmesine olanak tanıyan bir sistemdir ve 2019 yılından itibaren Şampiyonlar Ligi'nde kullanılmaktadır. Bu araştırma, video yardımcı hakem uygulamasının Şampiyonlar Ligi'nde hakem kararları üzerindeki ektiklerine odaklanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: 2019-2020 (n=119), 2020-2021 (n=125) ve 2021-2022 (n=125) sezonlarında, Şampiyonlar Ligi'nde oynanan toplam 369 maç araştırmaya dâhil edildi ve hakemlerin verdikleri ya da vermedikleri kırmızı kart, gol ve penaltı kararları analiz edilmiştir. İstatistiksel analiz, Jamovi istatistik yazılımı kullanılarak analiz edilmiş ve ortalama, standart sapma ve yüzde olarak sunulmuştur. Bulgular: Video yardımcı hakem, 2019-2020 sezonunda maç başına ortalama 0,23, 2020-2021 sezonunda maç başına ortalama 0,30 ve 2021-2022 sezonunda maç başına ortalama 0,37 kez devreye girmiştir. Her sezon video yardımcı hakem incelemesi sonrasında hakemlerin değiştirdiği karar sayısı bir önceki sezona kıyasla artsa da bu artış istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmamıştır (χ2:3,721, p=0,156). Ayrıca 369 Şampiyonlar Ligi maçının %75,3'üne video yardımcı hakem hiç müdahale etmemişken, %24,7'sine en az 1 kez müdahale ederek hakemlerin kararlarını değiştirmesine neden olmuştur. Sonuç: Araştırmanın sonucu, video yardımcı hakem uygulamasının her geçen yıl hakemlerin kararlarını daha fazla etkilediğini göstermektedir. Özellikle verilen ve verilmeyen gol ve penaltı kararları birçok maç sonucunun farklı bitmesine neden olmaktadır. Bu nedenle Şampiyonlar Ligi gibi üst düzey turnuvaların tüm aşamalarında video yardımcı hakem uygulamasının kullanılması önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Video yardımcı hakem; hakem kararı; futbol
ABSTRACT
 Objective: Video assistant referee implementation is a system used to review referee decisions in football and has been used in the Champions League since 2019. This research focused on the impact of video assistant referee implementation on referee decisions in the Champions League. Material and Methods: A total of 369 Champions League matches in the 2019-2020 (n=119), 2020-2021 (n=125) and 2021-2022 (n=125) seasons were included in the study and red card, goal and penalty decisions were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using the Jamovi statistical software and presented as mean, standard deviation and percentage. Results: In the 2019-2020 season, the video assistant referee was used on average 0.23 times per match, in the 2020-2021 season 0.30 times per match and in the 2021-2022 season 0.37 times per match. Although the number of decisions changed by referees after the introduction of the video assistant referee increased in each season compared to the previous season, this increase was not statistically significant (χ2:3.721, p=0.156). In addition, in 75.3% of the 369 Champions League matches, video assistant referee did not intervene at all, while in 24.7% it intervened at least once, causing referees to change their decisions. Conclusion: This research results show that video assistant referees' implementation has more and more influence on the referees' decisions with each passing year. Especially the given and not given goals and penalty decisions lead to many matches ending differently. For this reason, it is recommended to use the video assistant referee implementation at all stages of high-level tournaments such as the Champions League.

Keywords: Video assistant referee; referee decision; football
REFERENCES:
  1. Kolbinger O, Lames M. Scientific approaches to technological officiating aids in game sports. Current Issues in Sport Science. 2017;2. [Crossref] 
  2. Unkelbach C, Memmert D. Crowd noise as a cue in referee decisions contributes to the home advantage. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2010;32(4):483-98. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  3. Lex H, Pizzera A, Kurtes M, Schack T. Influence of players' vocalisations on soccer referees' decisions. Eur J Sport Sci. 2015;15(5):424-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  4. Oudejans RR, Verheijen R, Bakker FC, Gerrits JC, Steinbrückner M, Beek PJ. Errors in judging 'offside' in football. Nature. 2000;404(6773):33. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  5. Leveaux R. Facilitating referee's decision making in sport via the application of technology. Communications of the IBIMA. 2010;2010:8. [Crossref] 
  6. Dyer B. The controversy of sports technology: a systematic review. SpringerPlus. 2015;4(1):1-12. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  7. Bacigalupe C. The video assistant referee (VAR) protocol. The Use of Video Technologies in Refereeing Football and Other Sports. 1st ed. New York: Routledge; 2019. p.183-207. [Crossref] 
  8. Spitz J, Wagemans J, Memmert D, Williams AM, Helsen WF. Video assistant referees (VAR): the impact of technology on decision making in association football referees. J Sports Sci. 2021;39(2):147-53. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  9. Helsen W, Gilis B, Weston M. Errors in judging "offside" in association football: test of the optical error versus the perceptual flash-lag hypothesis. J Sports Sci. 2006;24(5):521-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  10. Carlos LP, Ezequiel R, Anton K. How does Video Assistant Referee (VAR) modify the game in elite soccer? International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport. 2019;19(4):646-53. [Crossref] 
  11. Winand M, Fergusson C. More decision-aid technology in sport? An analysis of football supporters' perceptions on goal-line technology. Soccer & Society. 2018;19(7):966-85. [Link] 
  12. Kolbinger O, Link D. The use of vanishing spray reduces the extent of rule violations in soccer. SpringerPlus. 2016;5(1):1-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  13. Zglinski J. Rules, standards, and the video assistant referee in football. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy. 2022;16(1):3-19. [Crossref] 
  14. Spitz J, Put K, Wagemans J, Williams AM, Helsen WF. Visual search behaviors of association football referees during assessment of foul play situations. Cogn Res Princ Implic. 2016;1(1):12. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  15. Riedl D, Strauss B, Heuer A, Rubner O. Finale furioso: referee-biased injury times and their effects on home advantage in football. J Sports Sci. 2015;33(4):327-36. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  16. Dohmen TJ. The influence of social forces: evidence from the behavior of football referees. Economic inquiry. 2008;46(3):411-24. [Crossref] 
  17. Simón JA. Between scepticism and the long-awaited quest for "football justice". The Use of Video Technologies in Refereeing Football and Other Sports. 1st ed. New York: Routledge; 2019. p.3-22. [Crossref] 
  18. Svantesson DJB. Could technology resurrect the dignity of the FIFA World Cup refereeing? Computer Law & Security Review. 2014;30(5):569-73. [Crossref] 
  19. Errekagorri I, Castellano J, Echeazarra I, Lago-Pe-as C. The effects of the Video Assistant Referee system (VAR) on the playing time, technical-tactical and physical performance in elite soccer. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport. 2020;20(5):808-17. [Crossref] 
  20. Oliveira MAC, Dambroz F, Santos R, Moniz F. VAR implementation and soccer team performance: a comparison between the 2014 and 2018 World Cups. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2021;21(Suppl 6):3208-13. [Crossref] 
  21. Chen R, Davidson NP. English Premier League manager perceptions of video assistant referee (VAR) decisions during the 2019-2020 season. Soccer & Society. 2022;23(1):44-55. [Crossref] 
  22. Lago-Pe-as C, Gómez M, Pollard R. The effect of the Video Assistant Referee on referee's decisions in the Spanish LaLiga. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 2021;16(3):824-9. [Crossref] 
  23. Han B, Chen Q, Lago-Pe-as C, Wang C, Liu T. The influence of the video assistant referee on the Chinese Super League. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 2020;15(5-6):662-8. [Crossref] 
  24. Meneguite YNF, Leite LB, Da Silva DC, De Moura AG, Lavorato VN. Influence of the video assistant referee (VAR) on the Brazilian Men's Soccer Championship. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2022;22(4):858-62. [Crossref] 
  25. Pizzera A, Marrable J, Raab M. The video review system in association football: implementation and effectiveness for match officials and referee education. Managing Sport and Leisure. 2022;1-17. [Crossref] 
  26. IFAB. Video Assistant Referee (VAR) Protokol. Laws of the Game 2022/23: The International Football Association Board; 2022. Erişim tarihi: 25.11.2022 [Link] 
  27. FIFA [Internet]. © 1994 -2023 FIFA. Semi-automated offside technology 2022. Erişim tarihi: 25.11.2022 Available from: [Link] 

.: Up To Date

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com