This review aims to discuss how written exam questions can be designed to promote higher-order learning and thinking, enhance skills necessary for ethical competence, and achieve the fundamental goals of medical ethics education. Written exam questions of the medical ethics courses of the students of a state and a private medical school in Türkiye were examined through an archival research. The archival data was designed as a qualitative research. The question types were classified under 5 headings. Random selections were made among similar question types. Descriptive and text analysis techniques were utilized for analyzing the exam questions' characteristics. Questions were analyzed to ascertain whether they could serve the fundamental objectives of medical ethics education. By critically examining and evaluating the question types, the following conclusions were reached. Question types requiring short answers are insufficient in assessing students' skills for ethical decision-making and reasoning. Open-ended questions are frequently ambiguous and difficult to explain within a framework. Out of scope questions related to merely medical and medico-legal issues do not contribute enough to medical ethics education. Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) including a hint or keyword regarding the answer cannot measure the actual knowledge of students. Case-oriented MCQs that require case analysis have been found to best serve the purposes of medical ethics education. Written exam questions should avoid being unlimited, irrelevant, or having predetermined answers. Case scenarios in MCQs should be used in medical ethics exams as they facilitate analysis, application, synthesis, and evaluation of knowledge, being more effective in developing the relevant skills needed for ethical competence.
Keywords: Medical ethics education; exam question types; question analysis; case scenarios; ethical competence
Bu inceleme yazısı, yazılı sınav sorularının üst düzey öğrenme ve düşünmeyi teşvik etmek, etik yeterlilik için gerekli becerileri geliştirmek ve tıp etiği eğitiminin temel hedeflerine ulaşmak için nasıl tasarlanabileceğini araştırmayı ve belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye'deki bir devlet ve bir özel tıp fakültesinin öğrencilerinin tıp etiği derslerinin yazılı sınav sorularının ilk yazarın arşivinden araştırılması yoluyla incelenmiştir. Arşiv verileri nitel bir araştırma olarak tasarlanmıştır. Soru tipleri 5 başlık altında sınıflandırılmıştır. Benzer soru tipleri arasından rastgele seçimler yapılmıştır. Sınav sorularının özelliklerini analiz etmek için betimsel ve metin analizi teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Sorular, tıp etiği eğitiminin temel hedeflerine hizmet edip edemeyeceklerini belirlemek için analiz edilmiştir. Kısa cevaplar gerektiren soru tipleri öğrencilerin etik karar alma ve muhakeme becerilerini değerlendirmede yetersizdir. Açık uçlu sorular sıklıkla belirsizdir ve bir çerçeve içinde açıklanması zordur. Sadece tıp bilgisi ve tıp hukuku ile ilgili sorular tıbbi etik eğitimine yeterince katkıda bulunmaz. Cevapla ilgili bir ipucu veya anahtar kelime içeren çoktan seçmeli sorular öğrencilerin gerçek bilgisini ölçemez. Vaka analizi gerektiren vaka odaklı çoktan seçmeli soruların tıbbi etik eğitiminin amaçlarına en iyi şekilde hizmet ettiği düşünülmektedir. Yazılı sınav sorularının sınırsız, alakasız veya önceden belirlenmiş cevapları olmaması gerekir. Çoktan seçmeli sorulardaki vaka senaryoları tıbbi etik sınavlarında kullanılmalıdır çünkü bunlar bilginin analizini, uygulamasını, sentezini ve değerlendirmesini kolaylaştırır ve etik yeterlilik için gereken ilgili becerileri geliştirmede daha etkilidir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Tıbbi etik eğitimi; sınav soru tipleri; soru analizi; vaka senaryoları; etik yeterlilik
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