Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Biostatistics

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Comparing Statistical Power of Cox-Based Survival Models Under Class Imbalance: Methodological Study
Sınıf Dengesizliği Altında Cox Tabanlı Sağkalım Modellerinin İstatistiksel Güç Düzeylerinin Karşılaştırılması: Metodolojik Çalışma
Merve BAŞOL GÖKSÜLÜKa
aSakarya University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Sakarya, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Biostat. 2025;17(2):92-103
doi: 10.5336/biostatic.2025-112965
Article Language: EN
Full Text
ABSTRACT
Objective: This study investigates the impact of class imbalance on the performance of Cox-based survival models, an important issue in clinical research where event rates (e.g., death or disease recurrence) are typically low. Unlike previous studies that apply resampling techniques to correct imbalance, we preserved the original data structure to evaluate model robustness under realistic conditions. Material and Methods: Six modeling approaches were compared: Cox proportional hazards model, the weighted Cox model, 3 regularized Cox models [least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO-Cox), Ridge-Cox, Elastic Net-Cox], and a Bayesian Cox model. Simulations were conducted across varying sample sizes (n= 50, 100, 250 ve 500) and imbalance ratios (r= 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5) to evaluate each model's statistical power and estimation accuracy. Results: The Bayesian Cox model consistently achieved the highest statistical power and estimation precision under conditions of severe imbalance and small sample sizes. However, its advantage diminished as sample size increased, with its power converging to that of the Cox model. Among regularized Cox models, Ridge-Cox regression demonstrated the most stable estimates, producing narrower confidence intervals than LASSO-Cox and Elastic Net-Cox. In contrast, the weighted Cox model consistently underperformed, showing lower power and unstable estimates across all scenarios. Conclusion: These findings emphasize the importance of selecting modeling strategies. In scenarios with few observed events, it is generally more effective to apply model-based adjustments rather than altering the original data distribution, which may distort event prevalence and compromise generalizability. The performance of Cox-based models improves as sample size increases; however, in small-sample, high-imbalance settings, the use of inherently robust models becomes more critical.

Keywords: Survival analysis; class imbalance; Cox models; simulation
ÖZET
Amaç: Bu çalışma, ilgilenilen bir olayın (örneğin ölüm veya hastalığın nüks etmesi) görülme oranının genellikle düşük olduğu klinik araştırmalarda yaygın bir sorun olan grup dengesizliğinin Cox tabanlı sağkalım modellerinin performansı üzerindeki etkisini incelemektedir. Önceki çalışmaların aksine bu çalışmada, dengesizliği gidermek için yeniden örnekleme (resampling) yöntemleri uygulanmamış, bunun yerine orijinal veri yapısı korunarak modellerin gerçekçi koşullarda ne kadar dayanıklı olduğu değerlendirilmiştir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmada, 6 Cox-tabanlı modelin performansı karşılaştırılmıştır: Cox orantılı hazard modeli, ağırlıklı (weighted) Cox model, Cezalandırılmış Cox regresyon modelleri [en az mutlak küçülme ve seçim operatörü (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator ''LASSO-Cox''), Ridge-Cox ve Elastic Net-Cox] ve Bayesçi Cox modeli. Farklı örneklem büyüklüğü (n=50, 100, 250, 500) ve dengesizlik oranı (r=0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) dikkate alınarak bir benzetim çalışması yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar ile her modelin istatistiksel gücü ve tahmin doğruluğu değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Bayesçi Cox modeli, özellikle ciddi dengesizlik ve küçük örneklem durumlarında, istatistiksel güç ve tahmin doğruluğu açısından en iyi performansı göstermiştir. Ancak örneklem büyüklüğü arttıkça, klasik Cox modeli ile benzer performanslar göstermeye başlamıştır. Cezalandırılmış Cox modeller arasında Ridge regresyonu en kararlı kestirimleri sağlamış ve LASSO ile Elastic Net-Cox ile karşılaştırıldığında daha dar güven aralıkları elde edilmiştir. Buna karşılık, ağırlıklı Cox modeli tüm senaryolarda en zayıf performansı gösteren yöntem olmuştur. Sonuç: Bu çalışma, modelleme stratejilerinin seçilmesinin önemini vurgulamaktadır. İlgili olayın daha az gözleme sahip olduğu durumda, orijinal veri dağılımını değiştirmek, olayın prevelansının değişmesine ve genellenebilirliğin azalmasına neden olacağı için bu durumda model tabanlı yöntemlerin kullanılması önerilir. Örneklem büyüklüğü arttıkça Cox tabanlı modellerin gücü artar, ancak, küçük gözleme ve yüksek dengesizlik oranına sahip verilerde sağlam modeller kullanılmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Sağkalım analizi; sınıf dengesizliği; Cox modeller; benzetim
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