Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Biostatistics

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Comparison of the Effect of Dimension Reduction Methods on Classification Performance in Gene Expression Data Sets: Observational Study
Gen İfadesi Veri Setlerinde Boyut Azaltma Yöntemlerinin Sınıflandırma Performansına Etkisinin Karşılaştırılması: Gözlemsel Çalışma
Fatma Hilal YAĞINa , Harika Gözde GÖZÜKARA BAĞa
aİnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Malatya, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Biostat. 2025;17(2):81-91
doi: 10.5336/biostatic.2025-111609
Article Language: EN
Full Text
ABSTRACT
 Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the effects of dimensionality reduction methods [least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), principal component analysis (PCA), and independent component analysis (ICA)] on various support vector machine (SVM) classification methods in high-dimensional acute myeloid leukemia (AML) gene expression data. Material and Methods: In this study, gene expression omnibus database was used to analyze gene expression profiles in AML patients. Data included expression levels for 64 individuals and 22,283 genes. SVM with different kernel functions were used in dimensionality reduction analyses LASSO, PCA, and ICA classification analyses. 10-fold cross-validation with 10 iterations and random search were used for resampling and hyperparameter optimization. The performance of the model was evaluated using the average accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and F criterion of 500 iterations. Results: AML data were filtered to reveal 6,201 genes. After PCA/ICA, 10 components were extracted, and 21 genes were selected as biomarkers for AML disease. While the polynomial kernel function model with PCA achieved the highest accuracy, the SVM models with polynomial kernel function showed the best performance for all analyses. The models were then selected for their potential biomarkers. Conclusion: In order to build classification models using gene expression data, high dimensionality should be eliminated using dimensionality reduction methods. This reduces the analysis time and improves the prediction performance. In the AML gene expression dataset, SVM models with polynomial kernel function give better results than linear and radial basis models.

Keywords: Dimension reduction; gene expression; feature extraction; feature selection; biomarker discovery
ÖZET
 Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, yüksek boyutlu akut miyeloid lösemi (AML) hastalığı gen ifadesi verilerinde boyut azaltma yöntemlerinin [en az mutlak küçülme ve seçim operatörü (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator ''LASSO''), temel bileşen analizi (principal component analysis ''PCA'') ve bağımsız bileşen analizi (independent component analysis ''ICA'')], çeşitli destek vektör makinesi [support vector machine (SVM)] sınıflandırma yöntemleri üzerindeki etkilerini karşılaştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada, AML hastalarında gen ekspresyon profillerini analiz etmek için gen ekspresyon omnibus veri tabanı kullanılmıştır. Veriler, 64 kişi ve 22.283 gen için ifade düzeylerini içermektedir. Boyut azaltma analizleri LASSO, PCA ve ICA sınıflandırma analizlerinde, farklı çekirdek fonksiyonlardaki SVM kullanıldı. Yeniden örnekleme için 10 tekrarlı 10 kat çapraz doğrulama ve hiperparametre optimizasyonu için rastgele arama kullanılmıştır. Modelin performansı, 500 tekrarlı örneğin ortalama doğruluk, duyarlılık, seçicilik, kesinlik ve F kriteri kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: AML verileri filtrelenerek 6.201 gen ortaya çıkarılmıştır. PCA/ICA sonrasında 10 bileşen çıkarılmış ve 21 gen, AML hastalığı için biyobelirteç olarak seçilmiştir. PCA ile polinom çekirdek fonksiyonu modeli en yüksek doğruluk elde ederken, polinom çekirdek fonksiyonlu SVM modelleri tüm analizler için en iyi performansı göstermiştir. Modeller, daha sonra potansiyel biyobelirteçleri için seçilmiştir. Sonuç: Gen ifadesi verilerini kullanarak sınıflandırma modelleri oluşturmak için boyut azaltma yöntemleri kullanılarak yüksek boyutluluk ortadan kaldırılmalıdır. Bu durum, analiz süresini kısaltır ve tahmin performansını artırır. AML gen ifadesi veri setinde polinomial çekirdek fonksiyonuna sahip SVM modelleri, doğrusal ve radyal tabanlı modellerden daha iyi sonuçlar vermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Boyut indirgeme; gen ifadesi; özellik çıkarımı; özellik seçimi; biyobelirteç keşfi
REFERENCES:
  1. Dziuda DM. Data Mining for Genomics And Proteomics: Analysis Of Gene And Protein Expression Data. Vol. 1. 1st ed. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons; 2010. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  2. Apitz JC. A statistical method for selection, classification, and network construction in genetic systems [Master thesis]. USA, CA: California State University; 2016. [Link] 
  3. Bașaran E, Aras S, Cansaran-Duman D. General outlook and applications of genomics, proteomics and metabolomics. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2010;67(2):85-96. [Link] 
  4. Coşkun E, Karaağaoğlu E. Veri madenciliği yöntemleri ile mikrodizilim gen ifade analizi. Hacettepe Tıp Dergisi. 2011;42:180-9. [Link] 
  5. Stirewalt DL, Meshinchi S, Kopecky KJ, Fan W, Pogosova-Agadjanyan EL, Engel JH, et al. Identification of genes with abnormal expression changes in acute myeloid leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2008;47(1):8-20. [PubMed] 
  6. Bolstad B, Bolstad MB. affyPLM: Model based quality assessment of Affymetrix GeneChip data [Internet]. Bioconductor; 2013. Available from: [Link] 
  7. Lê Cao KA, Rohart F, Gonzalez I, Singh A. mixOmics: an R package for ?omics feature selection and multiple data integration [Internet]. Bioconductor; 2017 [Link] 
  8. Marchini JL, Heaton C, Ripley BD, Ripley MB. fastICA: FastICA algorithms to perform ICA and projection pursuit [Internet]. R package version 1.1-9; 2007 [cited 2025 Aug 29]. Available from: [Link] 
  9. Friedman J, Hastie T, Tibshirani R, Narasimhan B, Tay K, Simon N, et al. glmnet: Lasso and elastic-net regularized generalized linear models. 2009. [Link] 
  10. Gentleman R, Carey VJ, Huber W, Hahne F. Genefilter: methods for filtering genes from microarray experiments. 2011. [Link] 
  11. Kuhn M, Wing J, Weston S, Williams A, Keefer C, Engelhardt A, et al. The caret package. Vienna, Austria. 2012. Available from: [Link] 
  12. Fonti V, Belitser E. Feature selection using LASSO. 2017:1-25. [Link] 
  13. Wold S, Esbensen K, Geladi P. Principal component analysis. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems. 1987;2(1-3):37-52. [Link] 
  14. Hérault J, Jutten C, Ans B. Détection de grandeurs primitives dans un message composite par une architecture de calcul neuromimétique en apprentissage non supervisé. Proc. 10th Colloque GRETSI sur le traitement du signal et des images; 1985. p. 1017-22.Available from: [Link] 
  15. Comon P. Independent component analysis, a new concept? Signal Process. 1994;36(3):287-314. https:// [Crossref] 
  16. Chao S, Lihui C. Feature dimension reduction for microarray data analysis using locally linear embedding. In: Wong L, Chen PY, editors. Proceedings of the 3rd Asia-Pacific Bioinformatics Conference; 2005 Jan 17-21; Singapore. Singapore: Institute for Infocomm Research/World Scientific; 2005. p. 211-17. [Crossref] 
  17. Ehler M, Rajapakse VN, Zeeberg BR, Brooks BP, Brown J, Czaja W, et al. Nonlinear gene cluster analysis with labeling for microarray gene expression data in organ development. BMC Proc. 2011;5(Suppl 2):S3. from: https:// [Crossref] 
  18. Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, Casey DE Jr, Ganiats TG, Holmes DR Jr, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(24):e139-e228. Erratum in: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(24):2713-4. Dosage error in article text. [PubMed] 
  19. Cortes C, Vapnik V. Support-vector networks. Mach Learn. 1995;20(3):273-297. from: https:// [Crossref] 
  20. Eskidere Ö. A comparison of feature selection methods for diagnosis of Parkinson?s disease from vocal measurements. Sigma J Eng Nat Sci. 2012;30(4):402-14. [Link] 
  21. Ben-Hur A, Horn D, Siegelmann HT, Vapnik V. Support vector clustering. Journal of Machine Learning Research. 2001;2:125-37. [Link] 
  22. Bergstra J, Bengio Y. Random search for hyper-parameter optimization. Journal of Machine Learning Research. 2012;13:281-305. [Link] 
  23. Dyer JO, Dutta A, Gogol M, Weake VM, Dialynas G, Wu X, et al. Myeloid leukemia factor acts in a chaperone complex to regulate transcription factor stability and gene expression. J Mol Biol. 2017;429(13):2093-107. ; [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  24. Tomasson MH, Xiang Z, Walgren R, Zhao Y, Kasai Y, Miner T, et al. Somatic mutations and germline sequence variants in the expressed tyrosine kinase genes of patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2008;111(9):4797-808. ; [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  25. Gasparetto M, Pei S, Minhajuddin M, Khan N, Pollyea DA, Myers JR, et al. Targeted therapy for a subset of acute myeloid leukemias that lack expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1. Haematologica. 2017;102(6):1054-65. ; [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  26. Silveira VS, Scrideli CA, Moreno DA, Yunes JA, Queiroz RG, Toledo SC, et al. Gene expression pattern contributing to prognostic factors in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013;54(2):310-4. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  27. Beutler E, Kuhl W, Comings D. Hexosaminidase isozyme in type O Gm2 gangliosidosis (Sandhoff-Jatzkewitz disease). Am J Hum Genet. 1975;27(5):628-38. ; [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  28. Haferlach C, Bacher U, Kohlmann A, Schindela S, Alpermann T, Kern W, et al. CDKN1B, encoding the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27), is located in the minimally deleted region of 12p abnormalities in myeloid malignancies and its low expression is a favorable prognostic marker in acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica. 2011;96(6):829-36. ; [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  29. Kapelko-Slowik K, Owczarek TB, Grzymajlo K, Urbaniak-Kujda D, Jazwiec B, Slowik M, et al. Elevated PIM2 gene expression is associated with poor survival of patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2016;57(9):2140-9. [PubMed] 
  30. Dvorak AM, Letourneau L, Weller PF, Ackerman SJ. Ultrastructural localization of Charcot-Leyden crystal protein (lysophospholipase) to intracytoplasmic crystals in tumor cells of primary solid and papillary epithelial neoplasm of the pancreas. Lab Invest. 1990;62(5):608-15. [PubMed] 
  31. Sasikala R, Deepthi KJ, Balakrishnan TS, Krishnan P, Ebenezar US. Machine Learning-Enhanced Analysis of Genomic Data for Precision Medicine. In: Proceedings of the 2024 OPJU International Technology Conference (OTCON) on Smart Computing for Innovation and Advancement in Industry 4.0; 2024 Jun 5-7; Raigarh, India. p. 1-5. [Link] 
  32. van der Maaten L, Postma E, van den Herik J. Dimensionality reduction: a comparative review. J Mach Learn Res. 2009;10:66?71. Available from: [Link] 
  33. Döhner H, Estey E, Grimwade D, Amadori S, Appelbaum FR, Büchner T, et al. Diagnosis and management of AML in adults: 2017 ELN recommendations from an international expert panel. Blood. 2017;129(4):424-47. ; [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  34. Guyon I, Weston J, Barnhill S, Vapnik V. Gene selection for cancer classification using support vector machines. Machine Learning. 2002;46:389-422. [Crossref] 

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 154 - 153
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 197
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 197
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com