Journal of Literature Pharmacy Sciences

Melatoninin Kadın Üreme Sistemi Üzerindeki Koruyucu Rolü: Geleneksel Derleme
The Protective Role of Melatonin on the Female Reproductive System: A Traditional Review
Miray ASLANa , Deniz ÖZKAN VARDARb , Belma KOÇER GÜMÜŞELc
aLokman Hekim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Farmasötik Toksikoloji AD, Ankara, Türkiye
bLokman Hekim Üniversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu, Tıbbi Hizmetler ve Teknikler Bölümü, Eczane Hizmetleri AD, Ankara, Türkiye
cLokman Hekim Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi, Eczacılık Meslek Bilimleri Bölümü, Farmasötik Toksikoloji AD, Ankara, Türkiye
J Lit Pharm Sci. 2025;14(2):68-79
doi: 10.5336/pharmsci.2024-105309
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Jinekolojik bozukluklar, kadın üreme sistemini etkileyen bir dizi durumu kapsamaktadır ve halk sağlığı ile toplum refahı için önemli zorluklar oluşturmaktadır. Dünyanın her yerinde, kadınlar farklı jinekolojik bozukluklarla mücadele etmek zorunda kalmaktadır. Melatonin kadın üreme sistemi üzerindeki etkileri, çeşitli çalışmalarla son yıllarda geniş çapta araştırılmaktadır. Melatonin, kadın üreme sistemi üzerindeki etkilerini özellikle güçlü antioksidan aktivitesi sayesinde vücutta gelişen oksidatif stresi azaltarak göstermektedir. Melatoninin işlevleri bununla sınırlı değildir; inflamasyonu azaltma, hormonal düzensizlikleri dengeleme, çeşitli sinyal yollarını regüle etme ve çeşitli apoptotik yeteneklere sahip olduğu bildirilmektedir. Bu derlemede; melatoninin yumurtlama, gebelik, doğum ve reprodüktif yaşlanma süreci dâhil kadın üreme sistemi üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Reprodüktif yaşlanma, infertilite açısından en önemli sorunlardan biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Yapılan çalışmalar melatoninin, reprodüktif yaşlanma ve üreme tıbbı alanında yardımla üreme tekniklerinde alternatif bir tedavi seçeneği olma potansiyeli taşıdığını göstermektedir. Bunun yanında; yapılan in vivo ve in vitro çalışmalar sonucunda melatoninin; polikistik over sendromu, yumurtalık kanseri, endometriozis gibi kadın üreme sistemi patofizyolojilerinde tedaviye eklenmesiyle terapötik etkiler gözlendiği çeşitli araştırmalar ışığında değerlendirilmiştir. Bu değerlendirmeler sonucunda melatoninin, önemli terapötik etkiler gösterme kapasitesine sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Umut verici sonuçlara rağmen, melatoninin kadın üreme sisteminde koruyucu potansiyel bir molekül olabileceğini destekleyen çalışmalar bulunmakla birlikte, melatoninin rutin bir tedavi seçeneği haline gelebilmesi için daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç vardır. Yapılan çalışmalar melatoninin kadın üreme sisteminde koruyucu potansiyel bir molekül olabileceğini desteklemekte olsa da melatoninin rutin bir tedavi seçeneği haline gelmesi için daha fazla çalışma yapılaması gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Melatonin; yaşlanma; polikistik over sendromu; endometriozis; over tümörleri
ABSTRACT
 Gynecological disorders encompass a broad spectrum of conditions affecting the female reproductive system, posing significant challenges to public health and societal well-being. Globally, women face various gynecological issues. In recent years, the effects of melatonin on the female reproductive system have been extensively studied. Melatonin primarily exerts its beneficial effects through its potent antioxidant activity, mitigating oxidative stress within the body. However, its functions extend beyond this; melatonin has been reported to reduce inflammation, regulate hormonal imbalances, modulate signalling pathways, and exhibit apoptotic properties. This review examines melatonin's effects on the female reproductive system, focusing on ovulation, pregnancy, childbirth, and reproductive aging. Reproductive aging is recognized as a critical issue, particularly concerning infertility. Studies suggest that melatonin holds potential as an alternative therapeutic option in assisted reproductive technologies, particularly in addressing reproductive aging. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that melatonin exhibits therapeutic effects when incorporated into treatments for pathologies such as polycystic ovary syndrome, ovarian cancer, and endometriosis. These findings suggest melatonin has significant therapeutic potential. Despite promising results, more research is needed to establish melatonin as a routine treatment option for gynecological disorders. Current evidence supports its role as a protective molecule within the female reproductive system, but further studies are essential to validate its clinical applications fully.

Keywords: Melatonin; aging; polycystic ovary syndrome; endometriosis; ovarian neoplasms
REFERENCES:
  1. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Fuentes-Broto L. Melatonin: a multitasking molecule. Prog Brain Res. 2010;181:127-51. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  2. Monteiro KKAC, Shiroma ME, Damous LL, Simões M de J, Simões R dos S, Cipolla-Neto J, et al. Antioxidant actions of melatonin: a systematic review of animal studies. Antioxidants. 2024;13(4):439. [Crossref] 
  3. Cosme P, Rodríguez AB, Garrido M, Espino J. Coping with oxidative stress in reproductive pathophysiology and assisted reproduction: melatonin as an emerging therapeutical tool. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022;12(1):86. [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  4. Yong W, Ma H, Na M, Gao T, Zhang Y, Hao L, et al. Roles of melatonin in the field of reproductive medicine. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;144:112001. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  5. Rönnberg L, Kauppila A, Leppäluoto J, Martikainen H, Vakkuri O. Circadian and seasonal variation in human preovulatory follicular fluid melatonin concentration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;71(2):492-6. [PubMed] 
  6. Rai S, Ghosh H. Modulation of human ovarian function by melatonin. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2021;13(1):140-57. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  7. Miyauchi F, Nanjo K, Otsuka K. [Effects of night shift on plasma concentrations of melatonin, LH, FSH and prolactin, and menstrual irregularity]. Sangyo Igaku. 1992;34(6):545-50. Japanese. [PubMed] 
  8. Brzezinski A, Rai S, Purohit A, Pandi-Perumal SR. Melatonin, clock genes, and mammalian reproduction: what is the link? Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(24):13240. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  9. Zhang Y, Meng N, Bao H, Jiang Y, Yang N, Wu K, Wu J, et al. Circadian gene PER1 senses progesterone signal during human endometrial decidualization. J Endocrinol. 2019;243(3):229-42. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  10. Coelho LA, Peres R, Amaral FG, Reiter RJ, Cipolla-Neto J. Daily differential expression of melatonin-related genes and clock genes in rat cumulus-oocyte complex: changes after pinealectomy. J Pineal Res. 2015;58(4):490-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  11. Toffol E, Heikinheimo O, Partonen T. Biological rhythms and fertility: The hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis. ChronoPhysiology and Therapy. 2016;6:15-27. [Link] 
  12. Zhang J, Liu J, Zhu K, Hong Y, Sun Y, Zhao X, et al. Effects of BMAL1-SIRT1-positive cycle on estrogen synthesis in human ovarian granulosa cells: an implicative role of BMAL1 in PCOS. Endocrine. 2016;53(2):574-84. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  13. Nagao S, Iwata N, Soejima Y, Takiguchi T, Aokage T, Kozato Y, Nakano Y, Nada T, Hasegawa T, Otsuka F. Interaction of ovarian steroidogenesis and clock gene expression modulated by bone morphogenetic protein-7 in human granulosa cells. Endocr J. 2019;66(2):157-64. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  14. Pan X, Taylor MJ, Cohen E, Hanna N, Mota S. Circadian clock, time-restricted feeding and reproduction. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(3):831. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  15. Brzezinski A, Saada A, Miller H, Brzezinski-Sinai NA, Ben-Meir A. Is the aging human ovary still ticking?: Expression of clock-genes in luteinized granulosa cells of young and older women. J Ovarian Res. 2018;11(1):95. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  16. Sciarra F, Franceschini E, Campolo F, Gianfrilli D, Pallotti F, Paoli D, et al. Disruption of circadian rhythms: a crucial factor in the etiology of infertility. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(11):3943. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  17. Yücel GN, Kaplanoğlu GT, Seymen CM. Karanlığın mucizesi: melatonin ve ovaryum etkileşimi [The miracle of darkness: melatonin and interaction in ovary]. Dicle Tıp Dergisi. 2018;45(1):85-92. [Link] 
  18. Tamura H, Jozaki M, Tanabe M, Shirafuta Y, Mihara Y, Shinagawa M, et al. Importance of melatonin in assisted reproductive technology and ovarian aging. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(3):1135. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  19. Lanoix D, Guérin P, Vaillancourt C. Placental melatonin production and melatonin receptor expression are altered in preeclampsia: new insights into the role of this hormone in pregnancy. J Pineal Res. 2012;53(4):417-25. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  20. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Tamura H, Cruz MH, Fuentes-Broto L. Clinical relevance of melatonin in ovarian and placental physiology: a review. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2014;30(2):83-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  21. Hobson SR, Gurusinghe S, Lim R, Alers NO, Miller SL, Kingdom JC, et al. Melatonin improves endothelial function in vitro and prolongs pregnancy in women with early-onset preeclampsia. J Pineal Res. 2018;65(3):e12508. [PubMed] 
  22. Kim MK, Park EA, Kim HJ, Choi WY, Cho JH, Lee WS, et al. Does supplementation of in-vitro culture medium with melatonin improve IVF outcome in PCOS? Reprod Biomed Online. 2013;26(1):22-9. [PubMed] 
  23. Swarnamani K, Davies-Tuck M, Wallace E, Mol BW, Mockler J. A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial of melatonin as an adjuvant agent in induction of labour (MILO): a study protocol. BMJ Open. 2020;10(2):e032480. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  24. Reiter RJ, Sharma R, Romero A, Manucha W, Tan DX, Zuccari DAPC, et al. Aging-related ovarian failure and infertility: melatonin to the rescue. Antioxidants (Basel). 2023;12(3):695. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  25. Tamura H, Kawamoto M, Sato S, Tamura I, Maekawa R, Taketani T, et al. Long-term melatonin treatment delays ovarian aging. J Pineal Res. 2017;62(2). [PubMed] 
  26. Fernando S, Wallace EM, Vollenhoven B, Lolatgis N, Hope N, Wong M, et al. Melatonin in Assisted Reproductive Technology: A Pilot Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018;9:545. [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  27. Tamura H, Tanabe M, Jozaki M, Taketani T, Sugino N. Antioxidative action of melatonin and reproduction. Glycative Stress Research. 2019;6(3):192-7. [Link] 
  28. Cebrián-Pérez JA, Casao A, González-Arto M, dos Santos Hamilton TR, Pérez-Pé R, Muiño-Blanco T. Melatonin in sperm biology: breaking paradigms. Reprod Domest Anim. 2014;49 Suppl 4:11-21. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  29. Agarwal A, Durairajanayagam D, du Plessis SS. Utility of antioxidants during assisted reproductive techniques: an evidence based review. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2014;12:112. [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  30. Agarwal A, Durairajanayagam D, Virk G, Du Plessis SS. Strategies to Ameliorate Oxidative Stress During Assisted Reproduction. 1st ed. Cham: Springer: 2014. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  31. Satta V, Manca ME, Torres-Rovira L, Succu S, Mereu P, Nehme M, et al. Effects of melatonin administration on seminal plasma metabolites and sperm fertilization competence during the non-reproductive season in ram. Theriogenology. 2018;115:16-22. [PubMed] 
  32. Li Y, Hung SW, Zhang R, Man GC, Zhang T, Chung JP, et al. Melatonin in endometriosis: mechanistic understanding and clinical insight. Nutrients. 2022;14(19):4087. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  33. Mosher AA, Tsoulis MW, Lim J, Tan C, Agarwal SK, Leyland NA, et al. Melatonin activity and receptor expression in endometrial tissue and endometriosis. Hum Reprod. 2019;34(7):1215-24. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  34. Schwertner A, Conceição Dos Santos CC, Costa GD, Deitos A, de Souza A, de Souza IC, et al. Efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of endometriosis: a phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pain. 2013;154(6):874-81. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  35. Yildirim G, Attar R, Ozkan F, Kumbak B, Ficicioglu C, Yesildaglar N. The effects of letrozole and melatonin on surgically induced endometriosis in a rat model: a preliminary study. Fertil Steril. 2010;93(6):1787-92. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  36. Scutiero G, Iannone P, Bernardi G, Bonaccorsi G, Spadaro S, Volta CA, et al. Oxidative stress and endometriosis: a systematic review of the literature. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:7265238. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  37. Donnez J, Binda MM, Donnez O, Dolmans MM. Oxidative stress in the pelvic cavity and its role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Fertil Steril. 2016;106(5):1011-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  38. Koc O, Gunduz B, Topcuoglu A, Bugdayci G, Yilmaz F, Duran B. Effects of pinealectomy and melatonin supplementation on endometrial explants in a rat model. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2010;153(1):72-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  39. Sharifi M, Rajabpoor Nikoo N, Badehnoosh B, Shafabakhsh R, Asemi R, Reiter RJ, et al. Therapeutic effects of melatonin on endometriosis, targeting molecular pathways: Current knowledge and future perspective. Pathol Res Pract. 2023;243:154368. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  40. Hosseinzadeh A, Alinaghian N, Sheibani M, Seirafianpour F, Naeini AJ, Mehrzadi S. Melatonin: current evidence on protective and therapeutic roles in gynecological diseases. Life Sci. 2024;344:122557. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  41. Alizadeh M, Karandish M, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Heidari L, Nikbakht R, Babaahmadi Rezaei H, et al. Metabolic and hormonal effects of melatonin and/or magnesium supplementation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2021;18(1):57. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  42. Jamilian M, Foroozanfard F, Mirhosseini N, Kavossian E, Aghadavod E, Bahmani F, et al. Effects of melatonin supplementation on hormonal, inflammatory, genetic, and oxidative stress parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:273. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  43. Akbarzadeh M, Rahbarghazi R, Nabat E, Movassaghpour AA, Shanehbandi D, Faramarzian Azimi Maragheh B, et al. The impact of different extracellular matrices on melatonin effect in proliferation and stemness properties of ovarian cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;87:288-95. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  44. Sharath Hardikar N. The Importance of Early Detection of Ovarian Cancer: Epidemiology and Risk Factors. Basic & Clinical Cancer Research. 2021;3(13):201-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  45. Zare H, Shafabakhsh R, Reiter RJ, Asemi Z. Melatonin is a potential inhibitor of ovarian cancer: Molecular aspects. Journal of Ovarian Research. 2019;12:26. [Crossref] 
  46. Ortiz-Franco M, Planells E, Quintero B, Acuña-Castroviejo D, Rusanova I, Escames G, et al. Effect of melatonin supplementation on antioxidant status and dna damage in high intensity trained athletes. Int J Sports Med. 2017;38(14):1117-25. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  47. Chuffa LG, Alves MS, Martinez M, Camargo IC, Pinheiro PF, Domeniconi RF, et al. Apoptosis is triggered by melatonin in an in vivo model of ovarian carcinoma. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2016;23(2):65-76. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  48. Sánchez DI, González-Fernández B, Crespo I, San-Miguel B, Álvarez M, González-Gallego J, et al. Melatonin modulates dysregulated circadian clocks in mice with diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Pineal Res. 2018;65(3):e12506. [Crossref] 
  49. Alonso-González C, Menéndez-Menéndez J, González-González A, González A, Cos S, Martínez-Campa C. Melatonin enhances the apoptotic effects and modulates the changes in gene expression induced by docetaxel in MCF 7 human breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol. 2018;52(2):560-570. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  50. Bazwinsky-Wutschke I, Bieseke L, Mühlbauer E, Peschke E. Influence of melatonin receptor signalling on parameters involved in blood glucose regulation. J Pineal Res. 2014;56(1):82-96. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  51. Candan İA, Bayram D, Calapoğlu NŞ, Gürbüz N, Cankara FN, Özgöçmen M, Armağan İ. Kadmiyum verilen dişi sıçanlarda üreme sistemi üzerine melatonin ve selenyumun etkisi [Effect of melatonin and selenium on reproductive system of cadmium given female rats]. SDÜ Tıp Fak Derg. 2017;24(3):84-95. [Crossref] 
  52. Hu KL, Ye X, Wang S, Zhang D. Melatonin application in assisted reproductive technology: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:160. Erratum in: Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:333. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  53. Veiga ECA, Samama M, Ikeda F, Cavalcanti GS, Sartor A, Parames SF, et al. Melatonin improves fertilization rate in assisted reproduction: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2024;79:100397. [PubMed]  [PMC] 

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 154 - 153
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 197
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 197
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com