Approaches to Psychopathological Problems in Education

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Servet BAYRAM
İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Bölümü, Rehberlik ve Psikolojik Danışmanlık ABD, İstanbul, Türkiye
Article Language: TR
''Eğitimde Psikopatolojik Sorunlara Yaklaşımlar'' isimli bu kitapta 21 farklı bölüm başlığı altında patolojik sorunlar ele alınmış ve tartışılmıştır. Psikopatoloji kavramı tıp ve sağlık ile ilgili bilimlerde hastalık, ruhsal bunalım, anomali gibi çeşitli aksaklık ve araz durumlarını ifade ederken rehberlik ve psikolojik danışmanlık, sosyoloji, eğitim ve psikoloji gibi sosyal alanlarda daha çok duygu ve düşüncede normal dışı farklılık; uyumsuz davranış dizilimleri anlamında kullanılmaktadır. Bu bakımdan eğitimde psikopatolojik sorun denildiğinde normal dışı sorunlu bir durumun varlığı ve bunun eğitim süreçlerine, öğrenme ve etkileşime olumsuz yansımaları anlaşılmaktadır. Eğitim ve okul ortamlarındaki patolojik sorunların daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için, çocuk gelişimi, çocuk psikiyatrisi, rehberlik ve psikolojik danışmanlık gibi alanlardaki uzmanların görüşlerine ve bunların kullandığı gelişimsel psikopatoloji gibi disiplinler arası yaklaşımların bütünleştiriciliğine ihtiyaç duyulduğu bildirilmektedir. Nitekim, eğitimde psikopatolojik sorun olarak ifade edilen mekanizmaların nedenselliğini anlamak için nörobiyolojik, psikolojik ve sosyokültürel bakış açılarının bütünleştiriciliğine duyulan ihtiyaç, bu kitabın oluşturulmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. Bu bağlamda ''Eğitimde Psikopatolojik Sorunlara Yaklaşımlar'' isimli bu kitabın gelişimsel psikopatoloji perspektifinde, alan literatürüne ve ilgili alan uzmanlarına katkı sağlayabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Gelişimsel psikopatoloji alanının, embriyoloji, patoloji, insan gelişimi, genetik, psikiyatri, psikoloji, eğitim ve sosyal çevre ile ilgili bilgilerin hep birlikte yorumlandığı bir disiplin olarak, okul ve eğitim ortamlarında görülebilecek patolojik sorunları kendi içinde açıklayabildiği bildirilmektedir. Son yıllardaki çalışmalarda da tıbbi modellemeler, psikodinamik teorik yaklaşımlar ve sosyal öğrenme teorileri yanında duygu ve davranış analizinde nörobiyoloji ve nörofizik yaklaşımların da eğitimde gözüken psikopatolojik sorunları değerlendirmede etkili olduğu gözükmektedir. Nitekim, nörobilişsel anatomik gelişim, moleküler genetik, gelişimsel nörokimya, nörofizyoloji, gelişimsel psikonöroimmünoloji ve gelişimsel psikonöroendokrinoloji gibi alanlardaki çalışmaların psikopatolojik sorunların patogenezisinin aydınlatılmaya katkı sağlayabileceği belirtilmekle birlikte, bu kitap çalışmasında hedef okuyucu kitlesi düşünülerek daha çok psikososyal gelişimsel boyutu içinde eğitim ortamlarında yapılabilecek değerlendirmeler ele alınmış ve bu çerçevede sorunlara yaklaşılmıştır.

Kitabın ''Giriş'' bölümünde psikopatolojik sorunlara yaklaşım modelleri incelenmiştir. Eğitimde gözüken psikopatolojik sorunların ortaya çıkış nedenlerini açıklamaya yönelik bir çok model ve yaklaşım bulunmaktadır. Tüm modellerde ortak olarak ifade edilen açıklamalarda ağırlıklı olarak herhangi bir işlev bozukluğunun psikopatoloji dahilinde değerlendirilmesi yapılırken istatistiksel olarak normlardan sapma derecesi ve davranışın uyumsuzluk derecesinin esas alındığı gözükmektedir. Aynı şekilde davranışın sıklığı, davranışın şiddeti, davranışın süresi, bireysel ve zihinsel işlem görme düzeyi, duygusal dışavurum ve kontrol durumu, kişinin gerçekliği algılama ve sosyal ilişkilerle baş etme şekli gibi birçok özelliğin de süreç içinde tanı, tedavi ve eğitsel rehabilitasyon için birlikte değerlendirildiği belirtilmiştir. Kitapta ''Psiko-Gelişimsel Kesit'' başlığı altında öncelikle ''Gelişimsel Psikopatoloji'' ve boyutları tanımlanmıştır. Daha sonra ''Erken Çocukluk Dönemleri'' ele alınmış; bu dönemdeki gelişimsel gecikmeler, davranış kazanım süreçleri ve özellikle de bu dönemlerde gözüken değişik bağlanma sorunlarının ne derece önemli olduğu vurgulanmıştır.

Eğitimde psikopatolojik sorunlar ve bunların gelişim süreçleri tanımlandıktan sonra bu sorunlara yönelik geniş bir örneklem yelpazesinin bulunduğu bildirilmiş ve eğitim ortamlarında en sık gözüken belli başlı psikopatolojik sorunlara örnek olarak, ''Öğrenme Güçlükleri'', ''Dikkat Eksikliği ve Hiperaktivite Bozuklukları'', ''Tik Bozuklukları'', ''Travma ve Stres'', ''Obsesif Kompülsif Bozukluklar'', ''Beslenme ve Dışa Atım Bozuklukları'' ve ''Teknoloji Bağımlılığı'' konuları sırasıyla ele alınmış ve bu sorunlara yönelik olası eğitsel-psikolojik yaklaşımlar incelenmiştir. Kitabın ilerleyen bölümlerinde; okullarda ruh sağlığını güçlendirmeye yönelik olarak ifade edilen psikopatolojilere nasıl yaklaşılabileceği ele alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda ''Okullarda Şiddet'', ''İhmal ve İstismar'', ''Krize Müdahale'', ''Ergen-Ebeveyn Çatışması'', ''Şefkat Odaklı Terapi'', ''Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi'', ''Yaratıcı Drama ve Müzik-Hareket Deneyimleri'' gibi konular açıklanmıştır. Kitabın sonunda ''Travmadan Psikolojik Dayanıklılığa: Okullarda Bütüncül Bir Başa Çıkma Modeli Olarak BASIC-Ph Uygulamaları'' konusu ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmış ve okul ortamlarında nelerin yapılabileceği belirtilmiştir. ''Sonuç'' bölümünde ise ''Fiziksel, Ruhsal ve Sosyal Çevrede Sağlıklı Eğitim Ortamı'' içinde nelerin olması gerektiği ve ileriye yönelik açılımlar üzerine durulmuştur.

Kitabın hazırlanmasında emeği geçen tüm bölüm yazarlarına, bu çalışmanın oluşumunda bizlere imkân sunan Türkiye Klinikleri'ne ve onların değerli ekiplerine tüm destek ve katkıları için çok teşekkür ederim.

Prof. Dr. Servet BAYRAM
Editör
In this book titled ''Approaches to Psychopathological Problems in Education'', pathological problems are addressed and discussed under 21 different chapter titles. While the concept of psychopathology refers to various disruptions and malfunctions such as disease, mental depression, anomaly in medical and health-related sciences, it is more commonly used in social fields such as guidance and psychological counseling, sociology, education and psychology in the sense of abnormal differences in emotion and thought; maladaptive behavior sequences. In this respect, when psychopathological problems in education are mentioned, the existence of an abnormal problematic situation and its negative reflections on educational processes, learning and interaction are understood. In order to better understand the pathological problems in educational and school environments, it is reported that the views of experts in fields such as child development, child psychiatry, guidance and psychological counseling, and the integration of interdisciplinary approaches such as developmental psychopathology are needed. As a matter of fact, the need for the integration of neurobiological, psychological and sociocultural perspectives to understand the causality of the mechanisms expressed as psychopathological problems in education has paved the way for the creation of this book. In this context, it is thought that this book titled ''Approaches to Psychopathological Problems in Education'' can contribute to the literature and related field experts in the perspective of developmental psychopathology.

It is reported that the field of developmental psychopathology, as a discipline in which information on embryology, pathology, human development, genetics, psychiatry, psychology, education and social environment are interpreted together, can explain the pathological problems that can be seen in school and educational environments. In recent studies, in addition to medical modeling, psychodynamic theoretical approaches and social learning theories, neurobiology and neurophysics approaches in emotion and behavior analysis seem to be effective in evaluating psychopathological problems in education. As a matter of fact, although it is stated that studies in fields such as neurocognitive anatomical development, molecular genetics, developmental neurochemistry, neurophysiology, developmental psychoneuroimmunology and developmental psychoneuroendocrinology can contribute to the elucidation of the pathogenesis of psychopathological problems, in this book study, considering the target audience, evaluations that can be made in educational environments within the psychosocial developmental dimension are discussed and problems are approached within this framework.

In the Introduction section of the book, models of approach to psychopathological problems are examined. There are many models and approaches to explain the reasons for the emergence of psychopathological problems in education. In the explanations common to all models, the degree of statistical deviation from the norms and the degree of incompatibility of the behavior are taken as the basis for evaluating any dysfunction within psychopathology. Likewise, the frequency of the behavior, the severity of the behavior, the duration of the behavior, the level of individual and cognitive processing, emotional expression and control, the way the person perceives reality and copes with social relations are evaluated together for diagnosis, treatment and educational rehabilitation in the process. In the book, under the title of ''Psycho-Developmental Section'', ''Developmental Psychopathology'' and its dimensions are first defined. Then, ''Early Childhood Periods'' are discussed and the importance of developmental delays, behavioral acquisition processes and especially various attachment problems in this period are emphasized.

After defining psychopathological problems in education and their developmental processes, it is reported that there is a wide range of samples for these problems, and as examples of the most common psychopathological problems in educational environments, ''Learning Disabilities'', ''Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders'', ''Tic Disorders'', ''Trauma and Stress'', ''Obsessive Compulsive Disorders'', ''Feeding and Excretion Disorders'' and ''Technology Addiction'' are discussed respectively and possible educational-psychological approaches to these problems are examined. In the following sections of the book, it is discussed how to approach the psychopathologies mentioned in order to strengthen ''Mental Health in Schools''. In this context, topics such as ''Violence in Schools'', ''Neglect and Abuse'', ''Crisis Intervention'', ''Adolescent-Parent Conflict'', ''Compassion-Focused Therapy'', ''Cognitive Behavioral Therapy'', ''Creative Drama and Music-Movement Experiences'' are explained. At the end of the book, the topic ''From Trauma to Psychological Resilience: BASIC-Ph Practices as A Holistic Coping Model in Schools'' is discussed in detail and what can be done in school environments is indicated. In the ''Conclusion'' chapter, what should be included in the ''Healthy Educational Environment in Physical, Psychological and Social Environment'' and the future perspectives are emphasized.

I would like to thank all the chapter authors who contributed to the preparation of this book, and to Türkiye Klinikleri and their valuable teams for all their support and contributions.

Prof. Dr. Servet BAYRAM
Editor

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