Immunoloji ve COVID-19

.: PREFACE
ÖN SÖZ
PREFACE
Prof. Dr. Ayşegül ATAK YÜCEL
Gazi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, İmmünoloji ABD, Ankara
Article Language: TR
Koronavirüsler (Orthocoronavirinae) Coronaviridae familyasının Sarbecovirus altcinsinin (beta-CoV soy B) üyesidir, bugüne kadar tespit edilmiş en büyük RNA genomuna sahip bu virüsler pozitif polariteli, tek iplikçikli RNA içerirler. En belirgin özellikleri olan çeperlerindeki değneğe benzeyen çıkıntılar nedeni ile virüs mikroskop altında güneşin taç küresine (corona) benzediği için 'koronavirüs' olarak adlandırılmıştır.

Koronavirüsler kuşlarda ve memelilerde hastalık yapabilir. İnsanda sıklıkla soğuk algınlığı, nezle ve grip benzeri şikâyetlere yola açsa da son yıllarda bu ailenin üyelerinden SARS-CoV ve MERS-CoV, insanlarda ağır ölümcül solunum yolu enfeksiyonu salgınlarına yol açmıştır.

Çin'in Guangdong Eyaleti'nde 2002'de başlayan SARS-CoV virüsü salgını dünya genelinde 17 ülkeye yayılmış, 8.098 kişi hastalığa yakalanmış ve 774 kişi hayatını kaybetmiştir. Suudi Arabistan'da 2012 yılında başlayan MERS-CoV virüsü salgını ise dünya genelinde 27 ülkeyi etkilemiş, salgına yakalanan 2.499 kişiden 861'i hayatını kaybetmiştir. 2019 yılında Aralık ayının son günlerinde Çin'in Hubei Eyaleti'ne bağlı Wuhan şehrinde hastaneye başvuran pnömoni vakalarında bir artış olduğu fark edildi ve hastalık hızla yayılmaya başladı. ABD Hastalık Koruma ve Korunma Merkezi'nin (CDC), 1 Ocak 2020'de virüsün Wuhan'daki bir deniz ürünleri pazarından kaynaklanıyor olabileceğini açıklamasının ardından bu pazar kapatıldı. Çinli yetkililer söz konusu virüsün zatürreye neden olan bir virüs olmayıp yeni bir virüs çeşidi olduğunu 7 Ocak 2020'de resmen açıkladı ve doğrudan solunum yollarını etkileyen, tıpkı SARS-CoV ve MERS-CoV gibi koronavirüs familyasından olan bu yeni virüse '2019-nCoV' adını verdiler. Çin'de bu virüse bağlı ilk ölüm 11 Ocak 2020'de gerçekleşti. ABD'de ise ilk vaka 30 Ocak 2020'de görüldü. Aynı gün Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) Genel Direktörü Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Çin dışında 18 ülkede 98 vaka tespit edildiğini, 'Çin'de değil, diğer ülkelerde yaşananlar' nedeni ile küresel ölçekte acil durum ilan edildiğini açıkladı ve asıl endişenin virüsün sağlık sistemleri zayıf ülkelere yayılması olduğunu belirtti. Şubat ayı içerisinde Çin dışında da ölüm vakaları bildirilmeye başlandı ve 9 Şubat'a gelindiğinde 813 ölümle yeni koronavirüs, 2002 ve 2003 yılları arasında 8 bin kişide görülen ve 774 kişinin toplam ölümüne yol açan SARS'ı geride bırakmıştı.

Uluslararası Virüs Taksonomi Komitesi (ICTV), SARS'a neden olan virüs ile olan genetik benzerliği nedeni ile, bu yeni virüsün bilimsel adının 11 Şubat'ta 'SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2)' olması hususunda fikir birliğine ulaşıldığını açıklarken, DSÖ bu virüsün neden olduğu hastalığı, 2019'da başlayan koronavirüs hastalığı anlamında 'COVID-19' olarak adlandırdı ve virüsü de 'COVID-19 virüsü' olarak isimlendirmeye karar verdi.
Mart ayında COVID-19'un merkezi Avrupa olmuştu, en yüksek vaka sayısı ve ölüm İtalya'daydı, yine bu ay içinde İran'da da vakalar tırmanışa geçti. 10 Mart'ta koronavirüsün tespit edildiği ülkeler arasına Türkiye de katıldı. DSÖ, 14 Mart'ta Avrupa'nın salgının yeni merkezi hâline geldiğini açıkladı. ABD ise 'ulusal acil durum' ilan etti. Türkiye'de yeni koronavirüs kaynaklı ilk ölüm 18 Mart'ta 89 yaşında bir hastada gerçekleşti.

Temmuz ayına kadar dünya genelinde 10.700.000'in üzerinde tespit edilmiş vaka, 5.500.000 dolayında iyileşen vaka ve 500.000'in üzerinde ölüm; üllkemizde ise 200.000'in üzerinde tespit edilen vaka ve 5.000'in üzerinde ölüm görülmüştü.

Diğer koronavirüsler gibi SARS-CoV-2 de S (spike), E (envelope: zarf), M (membran) ve N (nükleokapsid) proteinleri olarak bilinen dört yapısal proteine sahiptir. N proteini RNA genomunu tutar ve S, E ve M proteinleri birlikte viral zarfı oluşturur. S proteini virüsün konakçının hücre zarına yapışmasına neden olmaktadır. SARS-CoV-2'nin diğer beta koronavirüslerde olmayan bir özelliği polibazik ayrılma alanı ile birleşmesidir ki bu virüsün patojenitesini ve bulaşabilirliğini arttırmaktadır. Ancak hâlen virüsün hastalık yapma mekanizmaları tamamı ile aydınlatılmış, virüse karşı özgül etkin tedavi veya aşı bulunmuş değildir. COVID-19 hastalığının patogenezinde, özellikle daha geç evrede ve ağır vakalarda görülen sitokin fırtınasında immün sistemin cevabının çok önemli olduğuna dair veriler her geçen gün artmakta, verilen tedavilerin büyük bir bölümünde immün hücreler veya immün cevap hedef alınmaktadır. Çocuklarda ve gençlerde genellikle daha hafif seyirli geçen COVID-19'da bunun nedeninin, hastalığın farklı aşamalarında ve başka hastalıkları olan kişilerde immün sistemin ne yönde çalıştığının henüz izahı kesin olarak yapılamamıştır.

Biz hazırladığımız bu kitapta bir şekilde immünoloji ile uğraşan farklı disiplinlerdeki bilim insanlarımızı bir araya toplayarak, 'İMMÜNOLOJİ VE COVID-19'u hem adaptif (humoral ve hücresel) ve doğal immün cevaplar, sitokin fırtınası, koagülasyon sistemi, oksidatif metabolizma, hücre içi sinyalizasyon, HLA ve COVID-19 ilişkisi gibi temel bilim açısından; hem de alt ve üst solunum yollarında virüse karşı çocuk ve erişkindeki cevap, transplantasyon ve COVID-19, immün yetmezlik ve COVID-19, aşı çalışmaları, plazma tedavisi, sürü bağışıklığı, destekleyici tıp, immünoloji ve COVID-19 gibi klinik açıdan; hem de hücre akış ölçer, nükleik asit ve antijen-antikor tabanlı tanısal testler gibi laboratuvar testleri açıdan şu an için eldeki son güncel bilgileri derleyip, bilimsel akıl süzgecinden geçirerek sizlere topluca güvenilir bir şekilde vermeyi hedefledik. Dileriz tıbbın ve biyolojik bilimlerin tüm alanları ile ilgilenen herkesin yaralanabileceği bir kaynak kitap sunabilmişizdir sizlere. Hijyen, maske ve sosyal mesafe kurallarına her zaman uyarak sağlıcakla ve mutlu kalın, keyifli okumalar...

Prof. Dr. Ayşegül ATAK YÜCEL
Editör
Coronaviruses (Orthocoronavirinae) are members of the Sarbecovirus subspecies (betaCoV lineage B) of the Coronaviridae family. With the largest RNA genome ever detected, these viruses contain single-stranded RNA with positive polarity. These viruses are named as 'coronavirus' because, under a microscope, they resemble the sun's crown sphere (corona) due to the wand-like bulges on their walls, which are the most distinctive features.

Coronaviruses can cause diseases in birds and mammals. Despite often causing common cold, rhinitis and flu-like complaints in humans; recently, SARS-CoV and MERSCoV, members of this family, have led to outbreaks of severe lethal respiratory infections in humans.

The SARS-CoV outbreak, which began in 2002 in China's Guangdong Province, spread to 17 countries around the world, with 8098 people infected and 774 people lost their lives. The MERS-CoV outbreak, which started in Saudi Arabia in 2012, affected 27 countries around the world and killed 861 of the 2499 infected people. In 2019, an increase in pneumonia cases drew attention on the last days of December in Wuhan city, Hubei Province, China; and the disease began to spread rapidly. The seafood market in Wuhan was closed after the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced on January 1, 2020 that the virus might have originated from this market. On January 7 of 2020, Chinese authorities officially announced that the virus in question is not one of the known viruses causing pneumonia, but rather, it is a new type of virus and they named the virus '2019-nCoV', which directly affects the respiratory tract, such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, from the coronavirus family. The first death linked to this virus in China occurred on January 11, 2020. In the US, the first case was seen on January 30, 2020. On the same day, World Health Organization (WHO) Director General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus announced that 98 cases were identified in 18 countries other than China, and WHO declared a 'global emergency' state due to 'the happenings in other countries other than China' and that the main concern was the spread of the virus to countries with poor health systems. In February, death cases have began to be reported outside of China, and by February 9, with 813 deaths, the new coronavirus left SARS behind, which occurred in 8,000 people between 2002 and 2003, leading to the total death of 774 people.

On February 11, the International Virus Taxonomy Committee (ICTV), announced that the consensus has been reached regarding the scientific name of this new virus as 'SARSCoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2)' due to its genetic similarity to the virus that caused the SARS. WHO decided to name the disease caused by this virus as 'COVID-19' in terms of its outbreak in 2019 and decided to continue to call the virus as 'COVID-19 virus'. In March, the center of COVID-19 had shifted to Europe. Highest number of cases and deaths were in Italy. Again, in March, cases were on the rise in Iran. On March 10, Turkey joined the countries where coronavirus was detected. On March 14, WHO announced that Europe had become the new center of the pandemic. The United States has declared a 'state of national emergency'. The first recent coronavirus-induced death in Turkey occurred on March 18 in an 89-year-old patient.

By July, there were over 10,700,000 cases detected, around 5,500,000 recovered cases and over 500,000 deaths worldwide; and in our country, there were over 200,000 cases and over 5000 deaths. Like other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 has four structural proteins known as S (spike), E (envelope), M (membrane), and N (nucleocapsid) proteins. The N protein holds the RNA genome, and with the S, E, and M proteins, forms the viral envelope, and the S protein causes the virus to adhere to the host's cell membrane. One feature of SARS-CoV-2 that is not present in other beta coronaviruses is its incorporation with the polybasic separation site, which increases the pathogenicity and transmissibility of the virus. However, the disease-making mechanisms of the virus haven't been fully clarified and no specific effective treatment or vaccine have been found against the virus. In the pathogenesis of COVID-19 disease, data regarding the response of the immune system in cytokine storm that is especially seen in the later stage and severe cases are increasing day by day, and immune cells or immune responses are targeted in most treatments. COVID-19 generally has a milder course in children and adolescents and the reason for this and precisely how the immune system works in different stages of the disease and in people with other diseases have not been explained definitively yet.

We prepared this study by gathering scientists from different disciplines dealing in a way with immunology, we aimed to compile the most up-to-date information available and pass it through a scientific mind filter to give you COVID-19 and IMMUNOLOGY collectively reliably in terms of basic science such as adaptive (humoral and cellular) and innate immune responses, cytokine storm, the coagulation system, oxidative metabolism, intracellular signaling, and HLA and COVID-19 relation; clinically such as response of the virus in the child and adult body in the lower and upper respiratory tract, transplantation and COVID-19, vaccine studies, plasma treatment, herd immunity, supportive medicine, immunology and COVID-19; and also in terms of laboratory tests such as cell flow meter, nucleic acid and antigen-antibody based diagnostic tests.

We hope that we have been able to provide you with a source book that anyone interested in all fields of medicine and biological sciences can benefit from. Follow the rules of hygiene, mask and social distance, stay healthy and happy, and enjoy reading...

Prof. Dr. Ayşegül ATAK YÜCEL
Editor

.: Up To Date

Login



Contact


Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com