Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Ophthalmology

.: REVIEW
Retinal Ganglion Hücresi ve Epifiz (Pineal Bez, Üçüncü Göz)
Retinal Ganglion Cell and Epiphysis (Pineal Gland, Third Eye)
Deniz ALTINBAYa
aNiv Göz Merkezi, Göz Hastalıkları Kliniği, Adana, TÜRKİYE
Turkiye Klinikleri J Ophthalmol. 2020;29(1):73-81
doi: 10.5336/ophthal.2019-66841
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Retinanın en iç tabakasını oluşturan ganglion hücre tabakası, fotoreseptörlerden gelen sinyalleri, optik sinir aracılığı ile beyne iletmektedir. X tipi ganglion hücre, keskin görüş ve renk görmemizden, W tipi ganglion hücre kaba görüşten sorumludur. Ganglion hücresi reseptif alanında, horizontal hücrelerin lateral inhibitör etkisinden dolayı 'Merkez açık-çevre kapalı' organizasyonu vardır. Bu yüzden, ganglion hücrelerinin uyarılması için aydınlığın kontrastlı bir şekle, desene döndürülmesi gereklidir. Retinal ganglion hücre fonksiyonunu değerlendirmede, patern mod elektrofizyolojik testler ve pupillometri (pupillografi), bilgisayarlı görme alanına yardımcı tetkikler olarak kullanılabilmektedir. Elektroretinografide fotopik negatif yanıt (PhNR) dalga amplitüdünde azalma ve patern mod elektroretinogramda N95/P50 oranında düşme, ganglion hücre hasarında benzer tanısal değere sahiptir. Optik sinirler aracılığı ile optik traktusa iletilen sinyallerin bir kısmı retinohipotalamik liflerle, suprakiazmatik nükleusa ve oradan da süperior servikal ganglion aracılığı ile epifize ulaşır. Epifiz bezi; ışıkla olan ilişkisinden, şeklinden, histolojisinden ve mistik özelliklerinen dolayı 'Üçüncü göz' olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Epifiz bezi karanlığa duyarlıdır ve hormon salgılaması ışık ile inhibe olmaktadır. Salgılanan hormonlardan serotonin, mutluluk hormonu olarak bilinirken, melatonin biyolojik ritmimizi düzenleyen hormon olarak, dimetiltriptamin ise ruh molekülü olarak bilinir. Melatoninin göz içi basıncını düşürdüğü, korneal yara iyileşmesini artırdığı ve katarakt gelişimini azalttığı yönünde çalışmalar vardır. Epifiz bezi yaşla ve bazı maddeler tarafından pasifize olmakta ve görevini günümüzde maalesef tam olarak yapamamaktadır. Epifiz bezini tekrar aktive edebilmek için florür gibi zararlı maddelerden uzak durmak, transmeditasyon yapmak gibi önerilerde bulunulmaktadır. Epifiz bezinin histopatolojik olarak çeşitli tipte tümörleri görülebilmektedir. Göz hastalıklarını değerlendirirken retina-epifiz bağlantısı akıllara gelmeli, özellikle çocuklarda göz hareket bozukluklarında epifiz tümörleri unutulmamalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Dimetiltriptamin; epifiz bezi; melatonin; retinal ganglion hücre
ABSTRACT
 The ganglion cell layer, which forms the innermost layer of the retina, transmits signals coming from the photoreceptors to the brain through the optic nerve. The X-type ganglion cell is responsible for our sharp vision and color vision, the W-type ganglion cell is responsible for coarse vision. In the receptive field of the ganglion cell, there is a 'On center off surround' organization due to the lateral inhibitory effect of horizontal cells. Therefore, in order to stimulate the ganglion cells, it is necessary to rotate the brightness to a contrast-like pattern. In the evaluation of retinal ganglion cell function, pattern mod electrophysiological tests and pupillometry (pupillography) can be used as ancillary tests to the computerized visual field analysis. The decrease in photopic negative response wave amplitude in electroretinography and N95/P50 decrease in pattern mode electroretinography has similar diagnostic value in ganglion cell damage. Some of the signals transmitted to the optic tractus via the optic nerves reach suprachiasmatic nucleus via retinohipothalamic fibers and than from there reach pineal gland via superior cervical ganglion. The pineal gland is called the third eye because of its relationship with light and its histology and mystical features. The pineal gland is sensitive to darkness and hormone secretion is inhibited by light. From secreted hormones, melatonin is known as the hormone that regulates our biological rhythm and dimethyltriptamine as soul molecule while serotonin is known as the hormone of happiness. There are studies suggesting that melatonin reduces intraocular pressure, increases corneal wound healing and reduces cataract development. The pineal gland is passivated by age and some substances and unfortunately does not perform its task nowadays. In order to reactivate the pineal gland, it is recommended to avoid harmful substances such as fluoride and to make trans meditation. Histopathological various types of tumors of the pineal gland can be seen. When evaluating eye diseases, retinal-pineal gland connection should be considered, especially in children with eye movement disorders epiphyseal tumors should not be forgotten.

Keywords: Dimetiltriptamine; pineal gland; melatonin; retinal ganglion cell
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