Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Sciences

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Uluslararası Ceza Yargısının Tarihsel Gelişimi ve Cinsel Suçların Unsurları ile İspat Kuralları Düzenlenmeleri Üzerine Geleneksel Derleme
A Traditional Review on the Historical Development of International Criminal Jurisdiction and the Regulations of the Elements of Sexual Crimes and the Rules of Proof
Ebru ÇETİNa , Nergis CANTÜRKa
aAnkara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Disiplinlerarası Adli Bilimler ABD, Ankara, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Foren Sci Leg Med. 2024;21(1):43-52
doi: 10.5336/forensic.2023-99473
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Savaş suçlularının ve insanlık dışı eylemlerde bulunanların cezasız kalmaması ve yargılanması için 1945-1993-1994 yıllarında ad hoc mahkemeler kurulmuştur. Ad hoc mahkemeler adil yargılanma hakkının ihlaline neden olmuş, kanunilik ve tabii hâkim ilkelerinin gereklerini karşılayamamıştır. Bu nedenlerle 1998'de imzaya açılmış ve 2002'de yürürlüğe girmiş Roma Statüsü ile Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi kurulmuştur. Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi daimi bir mahkemedir. Savaş suçları, insanlığa karşı suçlar, soykırım suçları ve saldırı suçları Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi'nin yargı yetkisi kapsamındadır. Silahlı çatışmalar sırasında gerçekleştirilen cinsel suçlar ad hoc mahkemelerin yargılama konuları yapılsa da yargılamalara ilişkin ispat ve usul kuralları ile suçların unsurlarının belirlenmesi hâkim takdirine bırakılmış konular olarak kalmıştır. Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi tarafından yapılacak yargılamaların usul ve ispat kuralları ile suçların unsurları Roma Statüsü dışında başka belgelerle düzenlenmiştir. 09.09.2002 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren Usul ve Delil Kuralları Belgesi ve Suç Unsurları Belgesi ile ceza yargılamasının evrensel kurallarından olan kanunilik ilkesinin sağlanması konusunda olumlu gelişme sağlanmıştır. Usul ve Delil Kuralları Belgesi ile Suç Unsurları Belgesi ile cinsel suçlara özel düzenlemeler yapılmıştır. Bu düzenlemeler ışığında delillerin tespit edilmesi, toplanması, yorumlanarak hüküm kurulması gerekmektedir. Cinsel suçların unsurlarının belirlenmesi ile usul ve ispat kurallarının belirlenmesi ayrıca yargılamada hükme esas alınabilecek nitelikte delillerin tespit edilmesi ve toplanması sırasında göz önünde bulundurulması açısından oldukça önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi; cinsel suçlar; usul ve delil kuralları belgesi; suç unsurları belgesi
ABSTRACT
 Ad hoc courts were established in 1945-1993-1994 to punish and who prosecute war criminals and inhuman acts. Ad hoc courts have violated right to a fair trial and failed to meet requirements of legality and natural judge principles. therefore, the International Criminal Court was established with Rome Statute, which was opened for signature in 1998 and entered into force in 2002. The International Criminal Court is permanent court. War crimes, crimes against humanity, crimes of genocide and aggression fall within jurisdiction of International Criminal Court. Even sexual crimes committed during armed conflicts were subjects of ad hoc courts, proof and procedural rules regarding proceedings and determination elements of crimes remained as matters left to discretion of judge. The procedural and evidential rules of proceedings to be held by International Criminal Court and the elements of crimes are regulated by documents other than the Rome Statute. With Rules of Procedure and Evidence and Element Crime, which entered into force on 09.09.2002 positive progress has been achieved in ensuring principle legality, which is universal rules of criminal proceedings. Special regulations have been made for sexual crimes with Procedure and Evidence Rules Document and Crime Elements Document. In the light these regulations, evidence must be identified, collected, interpreted and a verdict made. It's very important to determine elements of sexual crimes and to determine rules of procedure and proof, as well as to determine evidence that can be taken as a basis for judgment and to be taken into account during collection.

Keywords: International Criminal Court; sexual crimes; rules of procedure and evidence; crime elements document
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