Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Biostatistics

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Uyum Katsayıları ve Nominal Verilerde Kategorik Uyum İçin Yeni Bir Yöntem Önerisi
Agreement Coefficients and a Novel Method Proposal for Categorical Agreement in Nominal Data
İsmet DOĞANa, Nurhan DOĞANa
aAfyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Biyoistatistik ve Tıbbi Bilişim ABD, Afyonkarahisar, TÜRKİYE
Turkiye Klinikleri J Biostat. 2020;12(3):280-92
doi: 10.5336/biostatic.2020-77071
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Amaç: Makalenin amacı, nominal verilerde kategorik uyum için tarafımızdan önerilen yeni bir yöntem sunmak, uyum kavramına genel bir bakış sağlamak ve bilimsel araştırmalardaki önemini vurgulamaktır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Sosyal, davranışsal, fiziksel, biyolojik ve tıbbi bilimlerde güvenilir ve doğru ölçümler, değerlendirme için temel oluşturmaktadır. Yöntem karşılaştırma ve güvenilirlik çalışmalarında, farklı gözlemciler veya enstrümanlarla yapılan çoklu ölçümler arasındaki uyumu değerlendirmek önemlidir. Literatürde, 2 ölçüm arasındaki ilişkiyi veya uyumu özetlemek için çok sayıda indeks geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, aynı denek ya da örnekteki farklı gözlemciler, yöntemler, araçlar, laboratuvarlar, tahliller, cihazlar vb. ile yapılan ölçme ya da okumaların karşılaştırılmasında kullanılan yöntemler dikkate alınmış, sürekli ve kategorik verilerin söz konusu olduğu durumlarda uyumu değerlendirmek için kullanılan istatistiksel yaklaşımlar gözden geçirilmiştir. Çalışmada, örnek olarak kullanılan veriler tamamen rastgele türetilmiş verilerdir. Bulgular: Gerek Helldén tarafından gerekse tarafımızdan önerilen yöntemler, uyum değerlerinin 0-1 arasında kalmasını garanti etmektedir. Üstelik her 2 yöntemin uyumsuzluktan diğer yöntemler kadar etkilenmediği, gerçeğe daha yakın sonuçlar verdiği söylenebilir. Sonuç: Kategori uyumu için 'uyum oranı' kriterine göre 2 karar verici için Helldén tarafından önerilen yöntemin, 3 ve daha fazla sayıda karar verici için ise tarafımızdan önerilen yöntemin kullanılmasının uygun olacağı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bazı durumlarda alternatif yöntemlerin, değerlendiriciler arasındaki uyumun belirlenmesinde daha uygun olabileceği unutulmamalıdır

Anahtar Kelimeler: Uyum; kategorik uyum; yöntem karşılaştırma; güvenilirlik
ABSTRACT
 ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of the article is to present a new method proposed by us for categorical agreement in nominal data, to provide an overview of the concept of agreement and to emphasize its importance in scientific research. Material and Methods: In social, behavioral, physical, biological, and medical sciences, reliable and accurate measurements serve as the basis for evaluation. In method comparison and reliability studies, it is often important to assess agreement between multiple measurements made by different observers or devices. The literature contains a vast amount of coefficients for summarizing association or agreement between two measurements. In this study, the comparison of measurement or reading methods performed by different observers, methods, instruments, laboratories, tests, devices, etc. on the same subject or sample is dealt with. In addition, statistical approaches were reviewed to evaluate the agreement with continuous and categorical responses. The data used as an example in the study are completely randomly derived data. Results: The methods suggested by both Helldén and us ensure that the agreement values remain between 0 and 1. It can be said that both methods are not affected by disagreements as much as other methods and give results closer to the truth. Conclusion: According to the 'agreement ratio' criterion for category agreement, it was concluded that the method suggested by Helldén would be appropriate for two decision makers and the method suggested by us would be appropriate for three or more decision makers. However, alternative measures of interrater agreement may be more appropriate in certain instances

Keywords: Agreement; categorical agreement; method comparison; reliability
REFERENCES:
  1. Lin L, Hedayat AS, Sinha B, Yang M. Statistical methods in assessing agreement: models, issues and tools. J Am Stat Assoc. 2002;97(457):257-70.[Crossref] 
  2. Zapf A, Castell S, Morawietz L, Karch A. Measuring inter-rater reliability for nominal data - which coefficients and confidence intervals are appropriate? BMC Med Res Methodol. 2016;16:93.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  3. Bryington AA, Palmer DJ, Watkins MW. The estimation of interobserver agreement in behavioral assessment. The Behavior Analyst Today. 2002;3(3):323-8.[Crossref] 
  4. Ato M, López JJ, Benavente A. A simulation study of rater agreement measures with 2x2 contingency tables. Psicológica. 2011;32(2):385-402.
  5. Xinshu Z, Liu JS, Deng K. Assumptions behind intercoder reliability indices. In: Solmon CT, ed. Communication Yearbook 36. New York: Routledge; 2013. p.419-80.[Crossref] 
  6. Adejumo AO, Heumann C, Toutenburg H. A review of agreement measure as a subset of association measure between raters. SFB386-Discussion Paper 385, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat, München, 2004.[Link] 
  7. Bloch DA, Kraemer HC. 2 x 2 kappa coefficients: measures of agreement or association. Biometrics. 1989;45(1):269-87.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  8. Aickin M. Maximum likelihood estimation of agreement in the constant predictive probability model, and its relation to Cohen's kappa. Biometrics. 1990;46(2):293-302.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  9. Berry KJ, Mielke PW. A generalization of Cohen's kappa agreement measure to interval measurement and multiple raters. Educ Psychol Meas. 1988;48(4):921-33.[Crossref] 
  10. Krippendorff K. Reliability in content analysis: some common misconceptions and recommendations. Hum Commun Res. 2004;30(3):411-33.[Crossref] 
  11. Benini R. No. 29 of Manuali Barbèra di Scienza Giuridiche Sociale e Politiche. In: Firenze GB, ed. Principii di Demografia. 1901.
  12. Yule GU. On the methods of measuring the association between two attributes. J R Stat Soc. 1912;75(6):579-652.[Crossref] 
  13. Gini C. Atti del Reale Istituto veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti. Nuovi contribute alla teoria delle relazioni statistiche. 1914-1915;74:1903-42.
  14. Guttman L. The test-retest reliability of qualitative data. Psychometrika. 1946;11:81-95.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  15. Goodman LA, Kruskal WH. Measures of association for cross classifications. J Am Stat Assoc. 1954;49(268):732-64.[Crossref] 
  16. Fisher RA. Statistical Methods for Research Workers.12th ed. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd; 1954.
  17. Bennett EM, Alpert R, Goldstein AC. Communications through limited-response questioning. Public Opinion Quarterly. 1954;18:303-8.[Crossref] 
  18. Scott WA. Reliability of content analysis: the case of nominal scale coding. Public Opin Q. 1955;19(3):321-5.[Crossref] 
  19. Osgood CE. Representational model and relevant research methods. In: Pool I, ed. Trends in Content Analysis. Urbana: Illinois Press; 1959. p.33-88.
  20. Cohen J. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ Psychol Meas. 1960;20(1):37-46.[Crossref] 
  21. Holley JW, Guilford JP. A note on the G-index of agreement. Educ Psychol Meas. 1964;24(4):749-53.[Crossref] 
  22. Rogot E, Goldberg ID. A proposed index for measuring agreement in test-retest studies. J Chronic Dis. 1966;19(9):991-1006.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  23. Holsti OR. Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley; 1969.
  24. Krippendorff K. Bivariate agreement coefficients for reliability data. In: Borgatta ER, Bohrnstedt GW, eds. Sociological methodology. San Fransisco, CA: Jossey Bass; 1970. p.139-50.[Crossref] 
  25. Cicchetti DV. Assessing inter-rater reliability for rating scales: resolving some basic issues. Br J Psychiatry. 1976;129:452-6.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  26. Maxwell AE. Coefficients of agreement between observers and their interpretation. Br J Psychiatry. 1977;130:79-83.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  27. Janson S, Vegelius J. On generalizations of the G index and the phi coefficient to nominal scales. Multivariate Behav Res. 1979;14(2):255-69.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  28. Brennan RL, Prediger DJ. Coefficient kappa: some uses, misuses, and alternatives. Educ Psychol Meas. 1981;41(3):687-99.[Crossref] 
  29. Altman DG, Bland JM. Measurement in medicine: the analysis of method comparison studies. The Statistician. 1983;32(3):307-17.[Crossref] 
  30. Popping R. Traces of agreement: on the dot-product as a coefficient of agreement. Qual Quant. 1983;17:1-18.[Crossref] 
  31. Bangdiwala S. The agreement chart. University of North Carolina Institute of Statistics, Mimeo Series No. 1859, 1988.
  32. Perreault WD, Leigh LE. Reliability of nominal data based on qualitative judgments. J Mark Res. 1989;26(2):135-48.[Crossref] 
  33. Lin LI. A concordance correlation coefficient to evaluate reproducibility. Biometrics. 1989;45(1):255-68.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  34. Kupper LL, Hafner KB. On assessing interrater agreement for multiple attribute responses. Biometrics. 1989;45(3):957-67.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  35. Byrt T, Bishop J, Carlin JB. Bias, prevalence and kappa. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993;46(5):423-9.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  36. Donner A, Eliasziw M. A hierarchical approach to inferences concerning interobserver agreement for multinomial data. Stat Med. 1997;16(10):1097-106.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  37. Svensson E. A coefficient of agreement adjusted for bias in paired ordered categorical data. Biometrical Journal. 1997;39:643-57.[Crossref] 
  38. Andrés AM, Marzo PF. Delta: a new measure of agreement between two raters. Br J Math Stat Psychol. 2004;57(Pt 1):1-19.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  39. von Eye A. An alternative to Cohen's κ. Eur Psychol. 2006;11(1):12-24.[Crossref] 
  40. Barnhart HX, Kosinski AS, Haber MJ. Assessing individual agreement. J Biopharm Stat. 2007;17(4):697-719.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  41. Gwet KL. Computing inter-rater reliability and its variance in the presence of high agreement. Br J Math Stat Psychol. 2008;61(Pt 1):29-48.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  42. Gwet KL. Handbook of Inter-Rater Reliability: The Definitive Guide to Measuring the Extent of Agreement Among Raters. 3rd ed. Maryland: Advanced Analytics, LLC; 2012.
  43. Warrens MJ. Weighted kappas for 3×3 tables. Journal of Probability and Statistics. 2013;1:1-9.[Crossref] 
  44. Kendall MG. Rank Correlation Methods. 3rd ed. London: Griffin; 1962.
  45. Maxwell AE, Pilliner AEG. Deriving coefficients of reliability and agreement for ratings. Br J Math Stat Psychol. 1968;21(1):105-16.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  46. Light RJ. Measures of response agreement for qualitative data: some generalizations and alternatives. Psychol Bull. 1971;76(5):365-77.[Crossref] 
  47. Fleiss JL. Measuring nominal scale agreement among many raters. Psychol Bull. 1971;76(5):378-82.[Crossref] 
  48. Tinsley HE, Weiss DJ. Interrater reliability and agreement of subjective judgments. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 1975;22(4):358-76.[Crossref] 
  49. Hubert L. Kappa revisited. Psychol Bull. 1977;84(2):289-97.[Crossref] 
  50. Landis JR, Koch GG. A one-way components of variance model for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33(4):671-9.[Crossref] 
  51. Fleiss JL, Cuzick J. The reliability of dichotomous judgments: unequal numbers of judges per subject. Appl Psychol Meas. 1979;3(4):537-42.[Crossref] 
  52. Conger AJ. Integration and generalization of kappas for multiple raters. Psychol Bull. 1980;88(2):322-8.[Crossref] 
  53. Kraemer HC. Extension of the kappa coefficient. Biometrics. 1980;36(2):207-16.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  54. Schouten HJA. Measuring pairwise agreement among many observers. Biom J. 1980;22(6):497-504.[Crossref] 
  55. Craig RT. Generalization of Scott's index of intercoder agreement. Public Opin Q. 1981;45(2):260-4.[Crossref] 
  56. Davies M, Fleiss JL. Measuring agreement for multinomial data. Biometrics. 1982;38(4):1047-51.[Crossref] 
  57. O'Connell DL, Dobson AJ. General observer-agreement measures on individual subjects and groups of subjects. Biometrics. 1984;40(4):973-83.[Crossref] 
  58. Siegel S, Castellan NJ. Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioural Sciences. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1988. p.284-90.
  59. Potter WJ, Levine-Donnerstein D. Rethinking validity and reliability in content analysis. J Appl Commun Res. 1999;27(3):258-84.[Crossref] 
  60. Randolph JJ. Free-marginal multirater Kappa (multirater K[free]): an alternative to Fleiss' fixed-marginal multirater kappa. Joensuu Learning and Instruction Symposium. Joensuu, Finland, Oct 14-15, 2005.
  61. Mielke PW, Berry KJ, Johnston JE. Unweighted and weighted kappa as measures of agreement for multiple judges. Int J Manag. 2009;26(2):213-23.[Link] 
  62. Hughes J. Sklarsomega: an R package for measuring agreement using Sklar's Omega coefficient. 2018; arXiv:1809.10728v1.[Link] 
  63. van Oest R. A new coefficient of interrater agreement: The challenge of highly unequal category proportions. Psychol Methods. 2019;24(4):439-51.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  64. Haber M, Barnhart HX. Coefficients of agreement for fixed observers. Stat Methods Med Res. 2006;15(3):255-71.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  65. Barnhart HX, Haber MJ, Lin LI. An overview on assessing agreement with continuous measurements. J Biopharm Stat. 2007;17(4):529-69.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  66. Örekici Temel G, Erdoğan S, Selvi H, Kaya Ersöz İ. Investigation of coefficient of individual agreement in terms of sample size, random and monotone missing ratio, and number of repeated measures. KUYEB Dergisi. 2016;16(4):1381-95.[Crossref] 
  67. Gwet KL. Handbook of Inter-rater Reliability. 4th ed. Gaithersburg: Advanced Analytics, LLC; 2014. p.3-25.
  68. Kottner J, Audigé L, Brorson S, Donner A, Gajewski BJ, Hróbjartsson A, et al. Guidelines for Reporting Reliability and Agreement Studies (GRRAS) were proposed. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(1):96-106.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  69. Bishop YMM, Feinberg SE, Holland PW. Discrete Multivariate Analysis-Theory and Practice. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press; 1975.
  70. Türk G. Gt index: a measure of the success of prediction. Remote Sens Environ. 1979;8:65-75.[Crossref] 
  71. Helldén U. A test of landsat-2 imagery and digital data for thematic mapping illustrated by an environmental study in northern Kenya, Lund University. 1980.[Link] 
  72. Short NM. The Landsat Tutorial Workbook-Basics of Satellite Remote Sensing. Vol. 1078. NASA reference publication. 1982. p.553.
  73. Rosenfield GH, Fitzpatrick-Lins K. A coefficient of agreement as a measure of thematic classification accuracy. Photogramm Eng Rem S. 1986;52(2):223-7.[Link] 
  74. Barnhart HX, Yow E, Crowley AL, Daubert MA, Rabineau D, Bigelow R, et al. Choice of agreement indices for assessing and improving measurement reproducibility in a core laboratory setting. Stat Methods Med Res. 2016;25(6):2939-58.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  75. Lin HM, Kim HY, Williamson JM, Lesser VM. Estimating agreement coefficients from sample survey data. Surv Methodol. 2012;38(1):63-72.[Link] 

.: Up To Date

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com